1- Introduction to the Species Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) D.C. - Winged bean
1.1- Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Tribe: Phaseoleae
Subtribe: Phaseolinae
Genus: Psophocarpus Neck. ex DC.
Species: Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) D.C.
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Tribe: Phaseoleae
Subtribe: Phaseolinae
Genus: Psophocarpus Neck. ex DC.
Species: Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) D.C.
1.2- Species Psophocarpus tetragonolopus (L.) D.C. - Winged bean or Dragon bean
+ Overview
The Winged bean or Dragon bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus), is a tropical legume plant in the Subtribe Phaseolinae, in the Tribe Phaseoleae, in the Subfamily Faboideae, in the legume family Fabaceae of the Order Fabales.
It grows abundantly in the hot, humid equatorial countries of South and Southeast Asia. In Southeast Asia and Papua New Guinea it is widely known, but only cultivated on a small scale. Winged bean is widely recognised by farmers and consumers in southern Asia for its variety of uses and disease resistance.
Winged bean is nutrient-rich, and all parts of the plant are edible. Leaves can be eaten like spinach, flowers can be used in salads, tubers can be eaten raw or cooked, seeds can be used in similar ways as the soybean. The winged bean is an underutilised species but has the potential to become a major multi-use food crop in the tropics of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
+ The names
Winged bean is also known as the Dragon bean, Goa bean, Four Angled bean, Four-cornered bean, Manila bean, Princess bean, Asparagus pea, Winged pea.
+ Overview
The Winged bean or Dragon bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus), is a tropical legume plant in the Subtribe Phaseolinae, in the Tribe Phaseoleae, in the Subfamily Faboideae, in the legume family Fabaceae of the Order Fabales.
It grows abundantly in the hot, humid equatorial countries of South and Southeast Asia. In Southeast Asia and Papua New Guinea it is widely known, but only cultivated on a small scale. Winged bean is widely recognised by farmers and consumers in southern Asia for its variety of uses and disease resistance.
Winged bean is nutrient-rich, and all parts of the plant are edible. Leaves can be eaten like spinach, flowers can be used in salads, tubers can be eaten raw or cooked, seeds can be used in similar ways as the soybean. The winged bean is an underutilised species but has the potential to become a major multi-use food crop in the tropics of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
+ The names
Winged bean is also known as the Dragon bean, Goa bean, Four Angled bean, Four-cornered bean, Manila bean, Princess bean, Asparagus pea, Winged pea.
2- Characteristics of the Species Psophocarpus tetragonolopus (L.) D.C. - Winged bean
2.1- Description
+ The plant
Winged bean is climbing, twining perennial vine, growing up to 2-4 m long and is found growing in hot, humid equatorial zone and humid tropics with short day light, good moisture and abundant rainfall. It prefers well-drained, friable soil types for good yield. It has fleshy, fusiform, tuberous roots and ridged, glabrous stem.
+ The leaves
Leaves are trifoliate on long petioles (up to 12 cm long) grooved on the upper side and with a pulvinus at the base, color appearing as different shades of green whereas leaflets are more or less triangular or rhomboid, tapering to an acute point, base obtuse 8-15 by 4-12 cm entire and light green colored.
+ The flowers
Flowers are bisexual, papilionaceous and of varying colors pale sky blue, white, reddish brown depending on cultivars. Wing beans are available during the summer months.
The beans themselves are similar to soybeans in both use and nutritional content (being 29.8% to 39% protein).
+ The fruits
The fruits of winged bean are the pod with four-wing edges. Pods are oblong linear, straight, curved to long and flexuous, 15-30 cm long and 2.5-3.5 cm wide, with four longitudinal serrate dentate or sinuous leafy wings cross section, the pod is square with the four corners tapering out into the thin wings.
The skin is waxy and the flesh partially translucent in the young pods. When the pod is fully ripe, it turns an ash-brown color and splits open to release the seeds.
+ The seeds
Seed shape is often round with size about 2-3 mm; oval and rectangular seeds also occur. Seeds may appear white, cream, dark tan, or brown, depending on growing and storage conditions. The seeds are about 35% protein and 18% fat.
+ The plant
Winged bean is climbing, twining perennial vine, growing up to 2-4 m long and is found growing in hot, humid equatorial zone and humid tropics with short day light, good moisture and abundant rainfall. It prefers well-drained, friable soil types for good yield. It has fleshy, fusiform, tuberous roots and ridged, glabrous stem.
+ The leaves
Leaves are trifoliate on long petioles (up to 12 cm long) grooved on the upper side and with a pulvinus at the base, color appearing as different shades of green whereas leaflets are more or less triangular or rhomboid, tapering to an acute point, base obtuse 8-15 by 4-12 cm entire and light green colored.
+ The flowers
Flowers are bisexual, papilionaceous and of varying colors pale sky blue, white, reddish brown depending on cultivars. Wing beans are available during the summer months.
The beans themselves are similar to soybeans in both use and nutritional content (being 29.8% to 39% protein).
+ The fruits
The fruits of winged bean are the pod with four-wing edges. Pods are oblong linear, straight, curved to long and flexuous, 15-30 cm long and 2.5-3.5 cm wide, with four longitudinal serrate dentate or sinuous leafy wings cross section, the pod is square with the four corners tapering out into the thin wings.
The skin is waxy and the flesh partially translucent in the young pods. When the pod is fully ripe, it turns an ash-brown color and splits open to release the seeds.
+ The seeds
Seed shape is often round with size about 2-3 mm; oval and rectangular seeds also occur. Seeds may appear white, cream, dark tan, or brown, depending on growing and storage conditions. The seeds are about 35% protein and 18% fat.
2.2- Origin and Distribution
+ Origin:
The plant is thought to have originated along the east coast of Africa, although the center of diversity has now shifted to the islands of the South Pacific, and especially to Papua New Guinea.
+ Distribution:
Winged bean is widely cultivated in the tropics, particularly in Myanmar, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, West Africa, New Guinea, the West Indies, South America and even South Florida. But nowadays it is found growing throughout the world due to its higher nutritional value and delightful taste.
+ Origin:
The plant is thought to have originated along the east coast of Africa, although the center of diversity has now shifted to the islands of the South Pacific, and especially to Papua New Guinea.
+ Distribution:
Winged bean is widely cultivated in the tropics, particularly in Myanmar, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, West Africa, New Guinea, the West Indies, South America and even South Florida. But nowadays it is found growing throughout the world due to its higher nutritional value and delightful taste.
2.3- Biological Characteristics
+ Germination
Winged bean is a self-pollinating plant but mutations and occasional outcrossing, may produce variations in the species. The pretreatment of winged bean seeds is not required in tropical climate, but scarification of seeds has shown to enhance the germination rate of seedlings. Seed soaking may also increase speed to germination, as is typical, and may be used in conjunction with scarification. Seedlings under natural field conditions have been reported to emerge between 5-7 days.
Winged bean can grow at least as fast as comparable legumes, including soy. Plants flower 40 to 140 days after sowing. Pods reach full-length about two weeks after pollination. Three weeks after pollination, the pod becomes fibrous; after six weeks, mature seeds are ready for harvest. Tuber development and flower production vary according to genotype and environmental factors. Some winged bean varieties do not produce tuberous roots. The winged bean is a tropical plant, and will only flower when the day length is shorter than 12 hours, although some varieties have been reported to be day-length neutral. All varieties of winged bean grow on a vine and must grow over a support. Some examples of support systems include: growing against exterior walls of houses, huts, buildings; supporting against larger perennial trees; stakes placed in the ground vertically; and structures made from posts and wires.
Because the early growth of winged bean is slow, it is important to maintain weeds. Slow early growth makes winged bean susceptible to weed competition in the first 4-6 weeks of development. Khan (1982) recommends weeding by hand or animal drawn tractor two times before the support system of the winged bean is established.
Winged bean can be grown without added fertiliser as the plant has a bacterium on the nodules of the roots that fixes nitrogen and allows the plant to absorb nitrogen. Factors that influence nitrogen fixation include, Rhizobium strain, interactions between strain and host genotype, available nutrients and soil pH.
+ Germination
Winged bean is a self-pollinating plant but mutations and occasional outcrossing, may produce variations in the species. The pretreatment of winged bean seeds is not required in tropical climate, but scarification of seeds has shown to enhance the germination rate of seedlings. Seed soaking may also increase speed to germination, as is typical, and may be used in conjunction with scarification. Seedlings under natural field conditions have been reported to emerge between 5-7 days.
Winged bean can grow at least as fast as comparable legumes, including soy. Plants flower 40 to 140 days after sowing. Pods reach full-length about two weeks after pollination. Three weeks after pollination, the pod becomes fibrous; after six weeks, mature seeds are ready for harvest. Tuber development and flower production vary according to genotype and environmental factors. Some winged bean varieties do not produce tuberous roots. The winged bean is a tropical plant, and will only flower when the day length is shorter than 12 hours, although some varieties have been reported to be day-length neutral. All varieties of winged bean grow on a vine and must grow over a support. Some examples of support systems include: growing against exterior walls of houses, huts, buildings; supporting against larger perennial trees; stakes placed in the ground vertically; and structures made from posts and wires.
Because the early growth of winged bean is slow, it is important to maintain weeds. Slow early growth makes winged bean susceptible to weed competition in the first 4-6 weeks of development. Khan (1982) recommends weeding by hand or animal drawn tractor two times before the support system of the winged bean is established.
Winged bean can be grown without added fertiliser as the plant has a bacterium on the nodules of the roots that fixes nitrogen and allows the plant to absorb nitrogen. Factors that influence nitrogen fixation include, Rhizobium strain, interactions between strain and host genotype, available nutrients and soil pH.
2.4- Nutrition of Winged bean or Dragon bean
+ Nutritional value
Winged beans (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) D.C.) is a kind of plant that is rich in several indispensable nutrients for human health. Seeds, root tubers, pods, flowers, stems and leaves of winged beans are all edible, where several indispensable nutrients for human health are found.
In particular, leaves contain rich protein, unsaturated fatty acid, mineral elements, vitamins and several bioactive compounds, as well as a large amount of dietary fiber that promotes digestion, making them very nutrious purely natural green food of high nutritive value and medical performance.
Winged beans are good sources of protein that can even compete with fish. Its nutritive value is as high as soy beans but it can avoid beany flavor in the production. The development and utilization of winged beans will facilitate the development of special tropical crops.
The beans are rich not only in protein, but in tocopherols (antioxidants that facilitate vitamin A utilisation in the body). They can be made into milk when blended with water and an emulsifier. Winged bean milk is similar to soy milk, but without the bean-rich flavour. The flavour of raw beans is not unlike that of asparagus. In Malaya, winged beans are used as an effective remedy for smallpox, and as a cure for vertigo.
Smoked pods, dried seeds, tubers (cooked and uncooked), and leaves have been sold in domestic markets in South East and South Asia. Mature seeds can command a high price.
+ Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) of Winged beans, mature seeds, raw
+ Nutritional value
Winged beans (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) D.C.) is a kind of plant that is rich in several indispensable nutrients for human health. Seeds, root tubers, pods, flowers, stems and leaves of winged beans are all edible, where several indispensable nutrients for human health are found.
In particular, leaves contain rich protein, unsaturated fatty acid, mineral elements, vitamins and several bioactive compounds, as well as a large amount of dietary fiber that promotes digestion, making them very nutrious purely natural green food of high nutritive value and medical performance.
Winged beans are good sources of protein that can even compete with fish. Its nutritive value is as high as soy beans but it can avoid beany flavor in the production. The development and utilization of winged beans will facilitate the development of special tropical crops.
The beans are rich not only in protein, but in tocopherols (antioxidants that facilitate vitamin A utilisation in the body). They can be made into milk when blended with water and an emulsifier. Winged bean milk is similar to soy milk, but without the bean-rich flavour. The flavour of raw beans is not unlike that of asparagus. In Malaya, winged beans are used as an effective remedy for smallpox, and as a cure for vertigo.
Smoked pods, dried seeds, tubers (cooked and uncooked), and leaves have been sold in domestic markets in South East and South Asia. Mature seeds can command a high price.
+ Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) of Winged beans, mature seeds, raw
|
Energy.......................................................
Carbohydrates Dietary fiber Fat............................................................ Saturated Monounsaturated Polyunsaturated Protein Vitamins................................................. Thiamine (B1) Riboflavin (B2) Niacin (B3) Pantothenic acid (B5) Vitamin B6 Folate (B9) Minerals................................................... Calcium Iron Magnesium Manganese Phosphorus Potassium Sodium Zinc............................................................ |
1,711 kJ (409 kcal)
41.7 g 25.9 g 16.3 g 2.3 g 6 g 4.3 g 29.65 g Quantity %DV† 1.03 mg (90%) 0.45 mg (38%) 3.09 mg (21%) 0.795 mg (16%) 0.175 mg (13%) 45 μg (11%) Quantity %DV† 440 mg (44%) 13.44 mg (103%) 179 mg (50%) 3.721 mg (177%) 451 mg (64%) 977 mg (21%) 38 mg (3%) 4.48g(47%) |
Note!
+ Units: μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams * IU = International units.
+ Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database - Link to USDA Database entry.
+ Units: μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams * IU = International units.
+ Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database - Link to USDA Database entry.
2.5- Health Benefits of Winged bean or Dragon bean
+ Introduction
Winged beans - also referred to as asparagus bean, Goa bean, princess pea or even the four-angle bean - is often an incredible part of a healthy, balanced diet which is also budget-friendly. The leaves, roots, stems and flowers are all edible and they’re all packed with nutrition. These nutrients include proteins, minerals and vitamins, especially Vitamin A, which not just assists to nourish a healthy body but bring numerous beauty benefits, too. The health benefits of winged beans are discussed below.
+ Introduction
Winged beans - also referred to as asparagus bean, Goa bean, princess pea or even the four-angle bean - is often an incredible part of a healthy, balanced diet which is also budget-friendly. The leaves, roots, stems and flowers are all edible and they’re all packed with nutrition. These nutrients include proteins, minerals and vitamins, especially Vitamin A, which not just assists to nourish a healthy body but bring numerous beauty benefits, too. The health benefits of winged beans are discussed below.
+ The 10 Health benefits of Winged bean
1. Helps Prevent Premature Aging
Winged bean consists of considerable amount of copper which is a strong antioxidant that works in the presence of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase to safeguard the cell membranes from free radicals. Superoxide dismutase is one of the robust antioxidants that work within the body in the fight against free radicals. Free radicals attack many different organ systems, but are specifically well-researched in terms of their effect on aging, including wrinkles, age spots, and susceptibility to various types of cancer, macular degeneration, and kidney malfunctions. Having sufficient copper in your daily diet can keep you looking younger for longer! Winged beans consists of 5.242 mg of copper which is 582.44% of the daily recommended value so including winged bean is one of the best method to obtain sufficient amount of copper.
2. Reduces Headaches and Migraines
Research have discovered that tryptophan reduction deteriorates pain related with tension headaches and migraines, plus may cause serious nausea and sleep problems experienced by many migraine victims. Increased brain synthesis of serotonin seems to offer natural relief for headaches and migraine symptoms, like sensitivity to light, indigestion, pain and more.
One research conducted by the Murdoch University School of Psychology in Australia discovered that five to eight hours after consuming a drink with a complete array of 19 different amino acids, including tryptophan, symptoms of migraines were considerably reduced. So include tryptophan rich food like winged bean to reduce headache and other related problems.
3. Ensures a Healthy Pregnancy
Normally doctors recommend pregnant women to increase their intake of iron from food sources or supplements. A Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews study reports that the prenatal supplementation of iron helps lower the risk of low birth weight and avoids maternal anemia during pregnancy. Pregnant women must take 27 milligrams of iron a day. Iron supplements are best absorbed when supplemented with foods rich in vitamin C, such as orange, grapefruit, and tomato juice. Winged beans consist of 24.46 mg of iron which is 305.75% of the daily recommended value so it is best to include it in your regular diet to get sufficient amount of iron.
4. Inflammation and Sprains
Regular consumption of winged beans is one of the best ways to cure sprains and inflammation by increasing the superoxide dismutase level since it consists of considerable amount of manganese. This happens due its antioxidant properties. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) deficiency can be observed in patients with arthritis. SOD contains anti-inflammatory properties that are essential by arthritis patient’s body that help to increase the synthesis and functioning of SOD. This is useful to reduce the symptoms of the condition and give healthier life.
5. Helps Prevent Vision Problems
Research has proven that thiamine can help to defend against vision problems like cataracts and glaucoma. This is due to its ability to influence nerve and muscle signaling, which is important in relaying information from the eyes to the brain. Winged bean is one of the best sources of vitamin B1 since it has 1.875 mg of vitamin B1 which is 156.25% of the daily recommended value. So consume winged bean daily to solve all your vision problems.
1. Helps Prevent Premature Aging
Winged bean consists of considerable amount of copper which is a strong antioxidant that works in the presence of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase to safeguard the cell membranes from free radicals. Superoxide dismutase is one of the robust antioxidants that work within the body in the fight against free radicals. Free radicals attack many different organ systems, but are specifically well-researched in terms of their effect on aging, including wrinkles, age spots, and susceptibility to various types of cancer, macular degeneration, and kidney malfunctions. Having sufficient copper in your daily diet can keep you looking younger for longer! Winged beans consists of 5.242 mg of copper which is 582.44% of the daily recommended value so including winged bean is one of the best method to obtain sufficient amount of copper.
2. Reduces Headaches and Migraines
Research have discovered that tryptophan reduction deteriorates pain related with tension headaches and migraines, plus may cause serious nausea and sleep problems experienced by many migraine victims. Increased brain synthesis of serotonin seems to offer natural relief for headaches and migraine symptoms, like sensitivity to light, indigestion, pain and more.
One research conducted by the Murdoch University School of Psychology in Australia discovered that five to eight hours after consuming a drink with a complete array of 19 different amino acids, including tryptophan, symptoms of migraines were considerably reduced. So include tryptophan rich food like winged bean to reduce headache and other related problems.
3. Ensures a Healthy Pregnancy
Normally doctors recommend pregnant women to increase their intake of iron from food sources or supplements. A Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews study reports that the prenatal supplementation of iron helps lower the risk of low birth weight and avoids maternal anemia during pregnancy. Pregnant women must take 27 milligrams of iron a day. Iron supplements are best absorbed when supplemented with foods rich in vitamin C, such as orange, grapefruit, and tomato juice. Winged beans consist of 24.46 mg of iron which is 305.75% of the daily recommended value so it is best to include it in your regular diet to get sufficient amount of iron.
4. Inflammation and Sprains
Regular consumption of winged beans is one of the best ways to cure sprains and inflammation by increasing the superoxide dismutase level since it consists of considerable amount of manganese. This happens due its antioxidant properties. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) deficiency can be observed in patients with arthritis. SOD contains anti-inflammatory properties that are essential by arthritis patient’s body that help to increase the synthesis and functioning of SOD. This is useful to reduce the symptoms of the condition and give healthier life.
5. Helps Prevent Vision Problems
Research has proven that thiamine can help to defend against vision problems like cataracts and glaucoma. This is due to its ability to influence nerve and muscle signaling, which is important in relaying information from the eyes to the brain. Winged bean is one of the best sources of vitamin B1 since it has 1.875 mg of vitamin B1 which is 156.25% of the daily recommended value. So consume winged bean daily to solve all your vision problems.
6. Weight loss
Apart from aiding digestion and preventing constipation, fiber helps to adds bulk to your diet, a key factor for both losing weight and maintaining a healthy weight. Adding bulk help you feel full sooner. Since fiber remains in the stomach longer than other foods, that feeling of fullness will stay with you much longer, helping you eat less. High-fiber foods such as fruits and vegetables tend to be low in calories, so by including fiber to your diet, it’s easier to cut calories. Winged bean is also one of the best sources of fiber so include it in your regular diet.
7. Weakness
Winged bean consists of ample amount of phosphorous that has the capability to remove minor health problems like muscle weakness, numbness, fatigue and other similar disorders. Normal levels of phosphorous in the body are a great way to remain fit and active. A normal amount can be around 1200 mg for adults, according to experts and from suggestions of various health practitioners. Apart from that sexual weakness can also be cured with healthy supplementation of winged beans into the body, so problems like loss of libido, frigidity, impotence, and sperm motility can be cured by having an adequate supply of phosphorus in your system.
8. Can Help Prevent Diabetes
Vitamin D and calcium when consumed together may be beneficial in optimizing glucose metabolism and helping to prevent diabetes according to several researches. Vitamin D and calcium have direct effects on the pancreatic cells that control insulin secretion and therefore blood sugar levels. Calcium is an essential component of cellular processes that occur within insulin responsive tissues like skeletal muscle and fat tissue. Winged bean consists of 801 mg of calcium which is 80.10% of the daily recommended value.
9. Prevents Asthma
Patients that suffer from chronic asthma may be able to normalize their breathing with the help of magnesium supplements which aid in relaxing the bronchial muscles and regulating breathing. Even wheezing and breathlessness can be relieved through administration of intravenous magnesium. Winged bean is one of the best medicines for this since it contains 326 mg of magnesium which is 77.62% of the daily recommended value.
10. Increases Immunity and Fights Colds
Zinc rich food like winged bean is frequently taken as a natural over-the-counter remedy for fighting colds and symptoms of illnesses. When taken for at least five months, zinc reduce your risk of becoming sick with the common cold, plus supplementing once you already feel sick can speed up the healing process.
Research shows that zinc can interfere with the molecular process that causes mucus and bacteria to build within the nasal passages. Ionic zinc, based on its electrical charge, has the capability to exert an antiviral effect by attaching to receptors in nasal epithelial cells and blocking their effects. So winged bean must be included in your daily diet.
Source: https://www.healthbenefitstimes.com/winged-bean
Apart from aiding digestion and preventing constipation, fiber helps to adds bulk to your diet, a key factor for both losing weight and maintaining a healthy weight. Adding bulk help you feel full sooner. Since fiber remains in the stomach longer than other foods, that feeling of fullness will stay with you much longer, helping you eat less. High-fiber foods such as fruits and vegetables tend to be low in calories, so by including fiber to your diet, it’s easier to cut calories. Winged bean is also one of the best sources of fiber so include it in your regular diet.
7. Weakness
Winged bean consists of ample amount of phosphorous that has the capability to remove minor health problems like muscle weakness, numbness, fatigue and other similar disorders. Normal levels of phosphorous in the body are a great way to remain fit and active. A normal amount can be around 1200 mg for adults, according to experts and from suggestions of various health practitioners. Apart from that sexual weakness can also be cured with healthy supplementation of winged beans into the body, so problems like loss of libido, frigidity, impotence, and sperm motility can be cured by having an adequate supply of phosphorus in your system.
8. Can Help Prevent Diabetes
Vitamin D and calcium when consumed together may be beneficial in optimizing glucose metabolism and helping to prevent diabetes according to several researches. Vitamin D and calcium have direct effects on the pancreatic cells that control insulin secretion and therefore blood sugar levels. Calcium is an essential component of cellular processes that occur within insulin responsive tissues like skeletal muscle and fat tissue. Winged bean consists of 801 mg of calcium which is 80.10% of the daily recommended value.
9. Prevents Asthma
Patients that suffer from chronic asthma may be able to normalize their breathing with the help of magnesium supplements which aid in relaxing the bronchial muscles and regulating breathing. Even wheezing and breathlessness can be relieved through administration of intravenous magnesium. Winged bean is one of the best medicines for this since it contains 326 mg of magnesium which is 77.62% of the daily recommended value.
10. Increases Immunity and Fights Colds
Zinc rich food like winged bean is frequently taken as a natural over-the-counter remedy for fighting colds and symptoms of illnesses. When taken for at least five months, zinc reduce your risk of becoming sick with the common cold, plus supplementing once you already feel sick can speed up the healing process.
Research shows that zinc can interfere with the molecular process that causes mucus and bacteria to build within the nasal passages. Ionic zinc, based on its electrical charge, has the capability to exert an antiviral effect by attaching to receptors in nasal epithelial cells and blocking their effects. So winged bean must be included in your daily diet.
Source: https://www.healthbenefitstimes.com/winged-bean
3- The Uses of Winged bean or Dragon bean
3.1- Food Uses
+ Culinary use
- Introduction
Almost every part of this tropical plant is edible: The beans (used as a vegetable), the leaves (cooked like spinach), the roots (similar to potato), and the dried seeds (used for flour).
The leaves, flowers, roots, and bean pods can be eaten raw or cooked; the pods are edible even when raw and unripe. The seeds are edible after cooking. Each of these parts contains vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and iron, among other nutrients.
The tender pods, which are the most widely eaten part of the plant, are best when eaten before they exceed 2.5 centimetres (1.0 in) in length. They are ready for harvest within three months of planting. The flowers are used to colour rice and pastry. The young leaves can be picked and prepared as a leaf vegetable, similar to spinach.
The nutrient-rich, tuberous roots have a nutty flavour. They are about 20% protein; winged bean roots have more protein than many other root vegetables. The leaves and flowers are also high in protein (10-15%).
The seeds are about 35% protein and 18% fat. They require cooking for two to three hours to destroy the trypsin inhibitors and hemagglutinins that inhibit digestion. They can be eaten dried or roasted. Dried and ground seeds make a useful flour, and can be brewed to make a coffee-like drink.
- Preparation and serving methods
Wash the beans thoroughly in cold water and mop dry excess water using a paper towel. Trim the tip ends. Chop the beans diagonally into small sections using a paring knife. Dried winged bean seeds used in the same manner as other peas and dry beans. Shoots and flowers added in stews and stir-fries. Winged beans tuber has a nutty flavor owing to their high protein content. It can be used in stir-fries and stews.
- Here are some serving tips:
Tender winged bean pods are a delicacy in almost every household on either side of the equatorial region of South and South East Asian regions. Their sweet, chewy and earthy flavor reminisces that of asparagus.
- The beans are one of commonly featuring ingredients in the Indonesian, Malaysia, Vietnam and Cambodian cooking.
- Finely chopped beans added in salads, stir-fries, and sambal.
- Whole immature pods may be grilled and seasoned with oil, salt, and pepper.
- Winged beans seeds can be eaten roasted or added to stews. Sautéed or steamed, they can be served as a side dish with fish, seafood, and poultry.
- The tender leafy greens and shoots cooked in stews and stir-fries.
+ Culinary use
- Introduction
Almost every part of this tropical plant is edible: The beans (used as a vegetable), the leaves (cooked like spinach), the roots (similar to potato), and the dried seeds (used for flour).
The leaves, flowers, roots, and bean pods can be eaten raw or cooked; the pods are edible even when raw and unripe. The seeds are edible after cooking. Each of these parts contains vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and iron, among other nutrients.
The tender pods, which are the most widely eaten part of the plant, are best when eaten before they exceed 2.5 centimetres (1.0 in) in length. They are ready for harvest within three months of planting. The flowers are used to colour rice and pastry. The young leaves can be picked and prepared as a leaf vegetable, similar to spinach.
The nutrient-rich, tuberous roots have a nutty flavour. They are about 20% protein; winged bean roots have more protein than many other root vegetables. The leaves and flowers are also high in protein (10-15%).
The seeds are about 35% protein and 18% fat. They require cooking for two to three hours to destroy the trypsin inhibitors and hemagglutinins that inhibit digestion. They can be eaten dried or roasted. Dried and ground seeds make a useful flour, and can be brewed to make a coffee-like drink.
- Preparation and serving methods
Wash the beans thoroughly in cold water and mop dry excess water using a paper towel. Trim the tip ends. Chop the beans diagonally into small sections using a paring knife. Dried winged bean seeds used in the same manner as other peas and dry beans. Shoots and flowers added in stews and stir-fries. Winged beans tuber has a nutty flavor owing to their high protein content. It can be used in stir-fries and stews.
- Here are some serving tips:
Tender winged bean pods are a delicacy in almost every household on either side of the equatorial region of South and South East Asian regions. Their sweet, chewy and earthy flavor reminisces that of asparagus.
- The beans are one of commonly featuring ingredients in the Indonesian, Malaysia, Vietnam and Cambodian cooking.
- Finely chopped beans added in salads, stir-fries, and sambal.
- Whole immature pods may be grilled and seasoned with oil, salt, and pepper.
- Winged beans seeds can be eaten roasted or added to stews. Sautéed or steamed, they can be served as a side dish with fish, seafood, and poultry.
- The tender leafy greens and shoots cooked in stews and stir-fries.
+ Winged bean milk
Winged bean was used as main raw material to produce winged bean milk. The processing conditions, formulation and production influencing factors of winged bean milk were studied. An orthogonal experiment was arranged to establish the amount of stabilizer for producing the winged bean milk. The results showed that winged bean- water ratio was 1:12 (m: v), 10% sucrose. Stabilizer formula was 0.06% CMC-Na, 0.08 % sodium alginate, 0.08% xanthan gum. Homogeneous temperature was at 30 MPa, 80°C, and sterilization of high temperature in short times. The winged bean milk was high quality.
Winged bean was used as main raw material to produce winged bean milk. The processing conditions, formulation and production influencing factors of winged bean milk were studied. An orthogonal experiment was arranged to establish the amount of stabilizer for producing the winged bean milk. The results showed that winged bean- water ratio was 1:12 (m: v), 10% sucrose. Stabilizer formula was 0.06% CMC-Na, 0.08 % sodium alginate, 0.08% xanthan gum. Homogeneous temperature was at 30 MPa, 80°C, and sterilization of high temperature in short times. The winged bean milk was high quality.
Edited by Ho Dinh Hai
Long An - Vietnam
References
1- http://www.worldwidefruits.com
2- http://www.worldwidefruits.com/orders-of-plants.html
3- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabales
4- https://www.britannica.com/plant/Fabales
5- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceae
6- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faboideae
7- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseoleae
8- https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Phaseolinae
9- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winged_bean
Long An - Vietnam
References
1- http://www.worldwidefruits.com
2- http://www.worldwidefruits.com/orders-of-plants.html
3- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabales
4- https://www.britannica.com/plant/Fabales
5- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceae
6- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faboideae
7- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseoleae
8- https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Phaseolinae
9- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winged_bean
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