1- Introduction to the Genus Manilkara Adans. - Sapodilla genus
1.1- Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Sapotaceae
Subfamily: Sapotoideae Eaton.
Tribe: Sapoteae Rchb. & Handb.
Genus: Manilkara Adans
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Sapotaceae
Subfamily: Sapotoideae Eaton.
Tribe: Sapoteae Rchb. & Handb.
Genus: Manilkara Adans
1.2- Genus Manilkara Adans. - Sapodilla genus
+ Overview
Manilkara is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. A close relative is the genus Pouteria.
Trees of this genus yield edible fruit, useful wood, and latex. The best-known species are Manilkara bidentata (balatá), Manilkara chicle (chicle) and Manilkara zapota (sapodilla). Manilkara hexandra is the floral emblem of Prachuap Khiri Khan Province in Thailand, where it is known as rayan. Manilkara obovata shares the vernacular name of African pear with another completely different species, Dacryodes edulis, and neither should be confused with Baillonella toxisperma, known by the very similar name, African pearwood.
The generic name, Manilkara, is derived from manil-kara, a vernacular name for Manilkara kauki in Malayalam.
Manilkara trees are often significant, or even dominant species in their native ecosystems, such as East Deccan dry evergreen forests, Central American premontane tropical wet forests, or together with Cynometra, in the Arabuko Sokoke National Park.
Manilkara fruit are an important food item for various frugivores, in particular birds. The red fruit bat (Stenoderma rufum) is the primary - and possibly the only - seed disperser of Manilkara bidentata in parts of the Caribbean. Tuckerella xiamenensis, a species of peacock mite, was described from a sapodilla tree.
Several species are endangered due to overexploitation and habitat destruction. Manilkara gonavensis of Haiti and Manilkara spectabilis of Costa Rica are almost extinct.
Synonyms:
1- Abebaia Baehni
2- Achras L. (rejected name)
3- Sapota Mill. (superfluous name)
4- Chiclea Lundell
5- Eichleria M.M.Hartog
6- Hornschuchia Spreng.
7- Mahea Pierre ex L.Planch.
8- Manilkariopsis (Gilly) Lundell
9- Mopania Lundell
10- Murianthe (Baill.) Aubrév.
11- Muriea M.M.Hartog
12- Nispero Aubrév.
13- Northiopsis Kaneh.
14- Shaferodendron Gilly
15- Stisseria Scop. 1777 illegitimate homonym
16- Synarrhena Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
+ Overview
Manilkara is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. A close relative is the genus Pouteria.
Trees of this genus yield edible fruit, useful wood, and latex. The best-known species are Manilkara bidentata (balatá), Manilkara chicle (chicle) and Manilkara zapota (sapodilla). Manilkara hexandra is the floral emblem of Prachuap Khiri Khan Province in Thailand, where it is known as rayan. Manilkara obovata shares the vernacular name of African pear with another completely different species, Dacryodes edulis, and neither should be confused with Baillonella toxisperma, known by the very similar name, African pearwood.
The generic name, Manilkara, is derived from manil-kara, a vernacular name for Manilkara kauki in Malayalam.
Manilkara trees are often significant, or even dominant species in their native ecosystems, such as East Deccan dry evergreen forests, Central American premontane tropical wet forests, or together with Cynometra, in the Arabuko Sokoke National Park.
Manilkara fruit are an important food item for various frugivores, in particular birds. The red fruit bat (Stenoderma rufum) is the primary - and possibly the only - seed disperser of Manilkara bidentata in parts of the Caribbean. Tuckerella xiamenensis, a species of peacock mite, was described from a sapodilla tree.
Several species are endangered due to overexploitation and habitat destruction. Manilkara gonavensis of Haiti and Manilkara spectabilis of Costa Rica are almost extinct.
Synonyms:
1- Abebaia Baehni
2- Achras L. (rejected name)
3- Sapota Mill. (superfluous name)
4- Chiclea Lundell
5- Eichleria M.M.Hartog
6- Hornschuchia Spreng.
7- Mahea Pierre ex L.Planch.
8- Manilkariopsis (Gilly) Lundell
9- Mopania Lundell
10- Murianthe (Baill.) Aubrév.
11- Muriea M.M.Hartog
12- Nispero Aubrév.
13- Northiopsis Kaneh.
14- Shaferodendron Gilly
15- Stisseria Scop. 1777 illegitimate homonym
16- Synarrhena Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
+ Species:
The genus Manilkara includes 130-140 species.
The important species that have edible fruits are:
1- Manilkara bidentata (A.DC.) A.Chev. - balatá, ausubo, bulletwood, massaranduba, cow-tree or purple-heart
2- Manilkara chicle (Pittier) Gilly - chicle
3- Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard - palai, palu orrayan
4- Manilkara huberi (Ducke) A.Chev.
5- Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen - sapodilla, sapota, sapoti or dilly (Bahamas), naseberry (Caribbean), chico, chiku, ciku, snake fruit,níspero, nipero, mespel
Source: Manilkara - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The genus Manilkara includes 130-140 species.
The important species that have edible fruits are:
1- Manilkara bidentata (A.DC.) A.Chev. - balatá, ausubo, bulletwood, massaranduba, cow-tree or purple-heart
2- Manilkara chicle (Pittier) Gilly - chicle
3- Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard - palai, palu orrayan
4- Manilkara huberi (Ducke) A.Chev.
5- Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen - sapodilla, sapota, sapoti or dilly (Bahamas), naseberry (Caribbean), chico, chiku, ciku, snake fruit,níspero, nipero, mespel
Source: Manilkara - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sapota tree
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Sapota fruit
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2- Taxonomy of the Genus Manilkara Adans. - Sapodilla genus
2.1- Selected species
These species are among those included in the genus Manilkara:
1- Manilkara adolfo-friederici (Engl. & K.Krause) H.J.Lam
2- Manilkara altissima (Engl.) H.J.Lam
3- Manilkara amazonica (Huber) Standl.
4- Manilkara angolensis Lecomte ex Pellegr.
5- Manilkara argentea Pierre ex Dubard
6- Manilkara aubrevillei Sillans
7- Manilkara balata (Aubl.) Dubard
8- Manilkara bella Monach.
9- Manilkara bequaertii (De Wild.) H.J.Lam
10- Manilkara bidentata (A.DC.) A.Chev. - balatá, ausubo, bulletwood, massaranduba, cow-tree or purple-heart
11- Manilkara boivinii Aubrév.
12- Manilkara bojeri (A.DC.) H.J.Lam
13- Manilkara bolivarensis T.D.Penn.
14- Manilkara breviloba Gilly
15- Manilkara butugi Chiov.
16- Manilkara calcicola (Pittier) Gilly
17- Manilkara calderonii Gilly
18- Manilkara calophylloides H.J.Lam
19- Manilkara capuronii Aubrév.
20- Manilkara casteelsii (De Wild.) H.J.Lam
21- Manilkara cavalcantei Pires & Rodrigues ex T.D.Penn.
22- Manilkara chicle (Pittier) Gilly - chicle
23- Manilkara concolor (Harv. ex C.H.Wr.) Gerstn.
24- Manilkara celebica H.J.Lam
25- Manilkara conzattii Gilly
26- Manilkara cordifolia P.Royen
27- Manilkara costata Dubard
28- Manilkara cuneifolia Dubard
29- Manilkara dardanoi Ducke
30- Manilkara darienensis (Pittier) Standl.
These species are among those included in the genus Manilkara:
1- Manilkara adolfo-friederici (Engl. & K.Krause) H.J.Lam
2- Manilkara altissima (Engl.) H.J.Lam
3- Manilkara amazonica (Huber) Standl.
4- Manilkara angolensis Lecomte ex Pellegr.
5- Manilkara argentea Pierre ex Dubard
6- Manilkara aubrevillei Sillans
7- Manilkara balata (Aubl.) Dubard
8- Manilkara bella Monach.
9- Manilkara bequaertii (De Wild.) H.J.Lam
10- Manilkara bidentata (A.DC.) A.Chev. - balatá, ausubo, bulletwood, massaranduba, cow-tree or purple-heart
11- Manilkara boivinii Aubrév.
12- Manilkara bojeri (A.DC.) H.J.Lam
13- Manilkara bolivarensis T.D.Penn.
14- Manilkara breviloba Gilly
15- Manilkara butugi Chiov.
16- Manilkara calcicola (Pittier) Gilly
17- Manilkara calderonii Gilly
18- Manilkara calophylloides H.J.Lam
19- Manilkara capuronii Aubrév.
20- Manilkara casteelsii (De Wild.) H.J.Lam
21- Manilkara cavalcantei Pires & Rodrigues ex T.D.Penn.
22- Manilkara chicle (Pittier) Gilly - chicle
23- Manilkara concolor (Harv. ex C.H.Wr.) Gerstn.
24- Manilkara celebica H.J.Lam
25- Manilkara conzattii Gilly
26- Manilkara cordifolia P.Royen
27- Manilkara costata Dubard
28- Manilkara cuneifolia Dubard
29- Manilkara dardanoi Ducke
30- Manilkara darienensis (Pittier) Standl.
31- Manilkara dawei (Stapf) Chiov.
32- Manilkara decrescens T.D.Penn
33- Manilkara discolor (Sond.) J.H.Hemsl.
34- Manilkara dissecta Dubard
35- Manilkara doeringii (Engl. & K.Krause) H.J.Lam
36- Manilkara duckei Monach.
37- Manilkara dukensis (Engl. & K.Krause) H.J.Lam
38- Manilkara duplicata (Sessé & Moc.) Dubard
39- Manilkara eickii (Engl.) H.J.Lam
40- Manilkara elata (Allemão ex Miq.) Monach.
41- Manilkara excelsa (Ducke) Standl.
42- Manilkara excisa (Urb.) H.J.Lam
43- Manilkara fasciculata (Warb.) H.J.Lam & Maas Geester.
44- Manilkara fischeri (Engl.) H.J.Lam
45- Manilkara floribunda (Mart.) Dubard
46- Manilkara fouilloyana Aubrév. & Pellegr.
47- Manilkara frondosa (Hiern) H.J.Lam
48- Manilkara gaumeri Gilly
49- Manilkara gonavensis (Urb. & Ekman) Gilly ex Cronquist
50- Manilkara grisebachii (Pierre) Dubard
51- Manilkara guillotii (Hochr.) H.J.Lam
52- Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard - palai, palu orrayan
53- Manilkara hoshinoi (Kaneh.) P.Royen
54- Manilkara howardii Gilly
55- Manilkara huberi (Ducke) A.Chev.
56- Manilkara ilendensis (Engl.) H.J.Lam
57- Manilkara inundata (Ducke) Ducke ex Monach.
58- Manilkara jaimiqui (C.Wright) Dubard - wild dilly
59- Manilkara kanosiensis H.J.Lam & B.Meeuse - torem or sawai
60- Manilkara kauki (L.) Dubard - caqui or wong
32- Manilkara decrescens T.D.Penn
33- Manilkara discolor (Sond.) J.H.Hemsl.
34- Manilkara dissecta Dubard
35- Manilkara doeringii (Engl. & K.Krause) H.J.Lam
36- Manilkara duckei Monach.
37- Manilkara dukensis (Engl. & K.Krause) H.J.Lam
38- Manilkara duplicata (Sessé & Moc.) Dubard
39- Manilkara eickii (Engl.) H.J.Lam
40- Manilkara elata (Allemão ex Miq.) Monach.
41- Manilkara excelsa (Ducke) Standl.
42- Manilkara excisa (Urb.) H.J.Lam
43- Manilkara fasciculata (Warb.) H.J.Lam & Maas Geester.
44- Manilkara fischeri (Engl.) H.J.Lam
45- Manilkara floribunda (Mart.) Dubard
46- Manilkara fouilloyana Aubrév. & Pellegr.
47- Manilkara frondosa (Hiern) H.J.Lam
48- Manilkara gaumeri Gilly
49- Manilkara gonavensis (Urb. & Ekman) Gilly ex Cronquist
50- Manilkara grisebachii (Pierre) Dubard
51- Manilkara guillotii (Hochr.) H.J.Lam
52- Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard - palai, palu orrayan
53- Manilkara hoshinoi (Kaneh.) P.Royen
54- Manilkara howardii Gilly
55- Manilkara huberi (Ducke) A.Chev.
56- Manilkara ilendensis (Engl.) H.J.Lam
57- Manilkara inundata (Ducke) Ducke ex Monach.
58- Manilkara jaimiqui (C.Wright) Dubard - wild dilly
59- Manilkara kanosiensis H.J.Lam & B.Meeuse - torem or sawai
60- Manilkara kauki (L.) Dubard - caqui or wong
61- Manilkara koechlinii Aubrév. & Pellegr.
62- Manilkara kribensis (Engl.) H.J.Lam
63- Manilkara kurziana H.J.Lam & B.Meeuse
64- Manilkara lacera Dubard
65- Manilkara laciniata (Lecomte) P.Royen
66- Manilkara letestui Aubrév. & Pellegr.
67- Manilkara letouzei Aubrév.
68- Manilkara littoralis Dubard
69- Manilkara longiciliata Ducke
70- Manilkara longifolia (A.DC.) Dubard
71- Manilkara longistyla (De Wild.) C.M.Evrard
72- Manilkara lososiana Kenfack & Ewango
73- Manilkara mabokeensis Aubrév.
74- Manilkara macaulayae (Hutch. & Corbishly) H.J.Lam
75- Manilkara maclaudii Pierre ex Lecomte
76- Manilkara matanou Aubrév. & Pellegr.
77- Manilkara maxima T.D.Penn
78- Manilkara mayarensis (Ekman ex Urb.) Cronquist
79- Manilkara menyhartii (Engl.) H.J.Lam
80- Manilkara meridionalis Gilly
81- Manilkara microphylla Aubrév. & Pellegr.
82- Manilkara mochisia (Bak.) Dubard
83- Manilkara multifida T.D.Penn
84- Manilkara multinervis Dubard
85- Manilkara napali P.Royen
86- Manilkara natalensis Dubard
87- Manilkara nato-lahyensis P.Royen
88- Manilkara nicholsonii A.E.van Wyk
89- Manilkara nitida (Sessé & Moc.) Dubard
90- Manilkara obovata (Sabine & G.Don) J.H.Hemsl. – African pear
62- Manilkara kribensis (Engl.) H.J.Lam
63- Manilkara kurziana H.J.Lam & B.Meeuse
64- Manilkara lacera Dubard
65- Manilkara laciniata (Lecomte) P.Royen
66- Manilkara letestui Aubrév. & Pellegr.
67- Manilkara letouzei Aubrév.
68- Manilkara littoralis Dubard
69- Manilkara longiciliata Ducke
70- Manilkara longifolia (A.DC.) Dubard
71- Manilkara longistyla (De Wild.) C.M.Evrard
72- Manilkara lososiana Kenfack & Ewango
73- Manilkara mabokeensis Aubrév.
74- Manilkara macaulayae (Hutch. & Corbishly) H.J.Lam
75- Manilkara maclaudii Pierre ex Lecomte
76- Manilkara matanou Aubrév. & Pellegr.
77- Manilkara maxima T.D.Penn
78- Manilkara mayarensis (Ekman ex Urb.) Cronquist
79- Manilkara menyhartii (Engl.) H.J.Lam
80- Manilkara meridionalis Gilly
81- Manilkara microphylla Aubrév. & Pellegr.
82- Manilkara mochisia (Bak.) Dubard
83- Manilkara multifida T.D.Penn
84- Manilkara multinervis Dubard
85- Manilkara napali P.Royen
86- Manilkara natalensis Dubard
87- Manilkara nato-lahyensis P.Royen
88- Manilkara nicholsonii A.E.van Wyk
89- Manilkara nitida (Sessé & Moc.) Dubard
90- Manilkara obovata (Sabine & G.Don) J.H.Hemsl. – African pear
91- Manilkara pancheri Dubard
92- Manilkara paraensis (Huber) Standl.
93- Manilkara pleeana (Pierre ex Baill.) Cronquist
94- Manilkara pellegriniana Tisserant & Sillans
95- Manilkara perrieri Aubrév.
96- Manilkara pobeguinii Pierre ex Dubard
97- Manilkara propinqua (S.Moore) H.J.Lam
98- Manilkara pubicarpa Monach.
99- Manilkara remotifolia Pierre ex Dubard
100- Manilkara rojasii Gilly
101- Manilkara roxburghiana (Wight) Dubard
102- Manilkara rufula (Miq.) H.J.Lam
103- Manilkara sahafarensis Aubrév.
104- Manilkara salzmannii (A.DC.) H.J.Lam
105- Manilkara samoensis H.J.Lam & B.Meeuse
106- Manilkara schweinfurthii Dubard
107- Manilkara seretii (De Wild.) H.J.Lam
108- Manilkara sideroxylon (Hook.) Dubard
109- Manilkara siqueiraei Ducke
110- Manilkara smithiana H.J.Lam & Maas Geester.
111- Manilkara sohihy Aubrév.
112- Manilkara spectabilis (Pittier) Standl.
113- Manilkara spiculosa (Hutch. & Corbishly) H.J.Lam
114- Manilkara staminodella Gilly
115- Manilkara striata Gilly
116- Manilkara suarezensis Aubrév.
117- Manilkara subsericea (Mart.) Dubard
118- Manilkara sulcata Dubard
119- Manilkara surinamensis (Miq.) Dubard
120- Manilkara sylvestris Aubrév. & Pellegr.
121- Manilkara tabogaensis Gilly
122- Manilkara tampoloensis Aubrév.
123- Manilkara teysmanni Dubard
124- Manilkara thouvenotii (Lecomte) P.Royen
125- Manilkara triflora (Allemão) Monach.
126- Manilkara udoido Kaneh.
127- Manilkara umbraculigera (Hutch. & Corbishly) H.J.Lam
128- Manilkara valenzuelana (A.Rich.) T.D.Penn.
129- Manilkara vitiensis (H.J.Lam & v.Olden) B.Meeuse
130- Manilkara welwitschii Dubard
131- Manilkara williamsii Standl.
132- Manilkara wrightiana (Pierre) Dubard
133- Manilkara zanzibarensis Dubard
134- Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen - sapodilla, sapota, sapoti or dilly (Bahamas), naseberry (Caribbean), chico, chiku, ciku, snake fruit,níspero, nipero, mespel
135- Manilkara zenkeri Lecomte ex Aubrév. & Pellegr.
92- Manilkara paraensis (Huber) Standl.
93- Manilkara pleeana (Pierre ex Baill.) Cronquist
94- Manilkara pellegriniana Tisserant & Sillans
95- Manilkara perrieri Aubrév.
96- Manilkara pobeguinii Pierre ex Dubard
97- Manilkara propinqua (S.Moore) H.J.Lam
98- Manilkara pubicarpa Monach.
99- Manilkara remotifolia Pierre ex Dubard
100- Manilkara rojasii Gilly
101- Manilkara roxburghiana (Wight) Dubard
102- Manilkara rufula (Miq.) H.J.Lam
103- Manilkara sahafarensis Aubrév.
104- Manilkara salzmannii (A.DC.) H.J.Lam
105- Manilkara samoensis H.J.Lam & B.Meeuse
106- Manilkara schweinfurthii Dubard
107- Manilkara seretii (De Wild.) H.J.Lam
108- Manilkara sideroxylon (Hook.) Dubard
109- Manilkara siqueiraei Ducke
110- Manilkara smithiana H.J.Lam & Maas Geester.
111- Manilkara sohihy Aubrév.
112- Manilkara spectabilis (Pittier) Standl.
113- Manilkara spiculosa (Hutch. & Corbishly) H.J.Lam
114- Manilkara staminodella Gilly
115- Manilkara striata Gilly
116- Manilkara suarezensis Aubrév.
117- Manilkara subsericea (Mart.) Dubard
118- Manilkara sulcata Dubard
119- Manilkara surinamensis (Miq.) Dubard
120- Manilkara sylvestris Aubrév. & Pellegr.
121- Manilkara tabogaensis Gilly
122- Manilkara tampoloensis Aubrév.
123- Manilkara teysmanni Dubard
124- Manilkara thouvenotii (Lecomte) P.Royen
125- Manilkara triflora (Allemão) Monach.
126- Manilkara udoido Kaneh.
127- Manilkara umbraculigera (Hutch. & Corbishly) H.J.Lam
128- Manilkara valenzuelana (A.Rich.) T.D.Penn.
129- Manilkara vitiensis (H.J.Lam & v.Olden) B.Meeuse
130- Manilkara welwitschii Dubard
131- Manilkara williamsii Standl.
132- Manilkara wrightiana (Pierre) Dubard
133- Manilkara zanzibarensis Dubard
134- Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen - sapodilla, sapota, sapoti or dilly (Bahamas), naseberry (Caribbean), chico, chiku, ciku, snake fruit,níspero, nipero, mespel
135- Manilkara zenkeri Lecomte ex Aubrév. & Pellegr.
2.2- The Important Species that have edible fruits
1- Manilkara bidentata (A.DC.) A.Chev. - balatá, ausubo, bulletwood, massaranduba, cow-tree or purple-heart
2- Manilkara chicle (Pittier) Gilly - chicle
3- Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard - palai, palu orrayan
4- Manilkara huberi (Ducke) A.Chev.
5- Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen - sapodilla, sapota, sapoti or dilly (Bahamas), naseberry (Caribbean), chico, chiku, ciku, snake fruit, níspero, nipero, mespel.
Source: Manilkara - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
1- Manilkara bidentata (A.DC.) A.Chev. - balatá, ausubo, bulletwood, massaranduba, cow-tree or purple-heart
2- Manilkara chicle (Pittier) Gilly - chicle
3- Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard - palai, palu orrayan
4- Manilkara huberi (Ducke) A.Chev.
5- Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen - sapodilla, sapota, sapoti or dilly (Bahamas), naseberry (Caribbean), chico, chiku, ciku, snake fruit, níspero, nipero, mespel.
Source: Manilkara - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Edited by Ho Dinh Hai Long An - Vietnam
References
1- http://www.worldwidefruits.com/
2- http://www.worldwidefruits.com/orders-of-plants.html
3- http://www.worldwidefruits.com/order-arecales.html
4- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecales
5- http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/arecalesweb.htm
6- http://www.worldwidefruits.com/family-sapotaceae.html
7- http://www.worldwidefruits.com/subfamily-sapodoideae.htm
8- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapotoideae#Genera
References
1- http://www.worldwidefruits.com/
2- http://www.worldwidefruits.com/orders-of-plants.html
3- http://www.worldwidefruits.com/order-arecales.html
4- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecales
5- http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/arecalesweb.htm
6- http://www.worldwidefruits.com/family-sapotaceae.html
7- http://www.worldwidefruits.com/subfamily-sapodoideae.htm
8- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapotoideae#Genera
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