1- Introduction to the Species Borassus flabellifer L. - Toddy palm
1.1- Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
(unranked): Commelinids
Order: Arecales
Family: Arecaceae
Subfamily: Coryphoideae Griff.
Tribe: Borasseae Mart. ex Dumort.
Genus: Borassus L.
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
(unranked): Commelinids
Order: Arecales
Family: Arecaceae
Subfamily: Coryphoideae Griff.
Tribe: Borasseae Mart. ex Dumort.
Genus: Borassus L.
1.2- The Species Borassus flabellifer L. - Toddy palm
+ Overview
Borassus flabellifer, is a species in the genus Borassus L., in the tribe Borasseae, in the subfamily Coryphoideae, in the family Arecaceae of the Order Arecales.
The species Borassus flabellifer L. is commonly known as doub palm, palmyra palm, tala palm, toddy palm or wine palm, is native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, including Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. It is reportedly naturalized in Pakistan, Socotra, and parts of China.
+ Synonyms:
1- Borassus flabelliformis L.
2- Borassus flabelliformis Roxb.
3- Borassus sundaicus Becc.
4- Borassus tunicatus Lour.
5- Lontarus domestica Gaertn.nom. illeg.
6- Pholidocarpus tunicatus (Lour.) H.Wendl.
7- Thrinax tunicata (Lour.) Rollisson
+ Overview
Borassus flabellifer, is a species in the genus Borassus L., in the tribe Borasseae, in the subfamily Coryphoideae, in the family Arecaceae of the Order Arecales.
The species Borassus flabellifer L. is commonly known as doub palm, palmyra palm, tala palm, toddy palm or wine palm, is native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, including Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. It is reportedly naturalized in Pakistan, Socotra, and parts of China.
+ Synonyms:
1- Borassus flabelliformis L.
2- Borassus flabelliformis Roxb.
3- Borassus sundaicus Becc.
4- Borassus tunicatus Lour.
5- Lontarus domestica Gaertn.nom. illeg.
6- Pholidocarpus tunicatus (Lour.) H.Wendl.
7- Thrinax tunicata (Lour.) Rollisson
+ The names:
- Scientificname: Borassus flabellifer L.
- Synonym: Borassus flabelliformis Murr.
- English names: In English it is variously referred to as Palmyra palm, Toddy palm (USA), Doub palm (USA), Lontar palm (USA), Wine palm, Tala palm, Tal-palm, African fan palm, African palmyra palm, Great fan palm, deleb palm, ron palm, toddy palm, black rhun palm, ronier palm (from the French).
- French: Borasse, Palmier de Palmyre, Rondier, Rônier.
- Vienamese: Thốt nốt, Thốt lốt.
- Scientificname: Borassus flabellifer L.
- Synonym: Borassus flabelliformis Murr.
- English names: In English it is variously referred to as Palmyra palm, Toddy palm (USA), Doub palm (USA), Lontar palm (USA), Wine palm, Tala palm, Tal-palm, African fan palm, African palmyra palm, Great fan palm, deleb palm, ron palm, toddy palm, black rhun palm, ronier palm (from the French).
- French: Borasse, Palmier de Palmyre, Rondier, Rônier.
- Vienamese: Thốt nốt, Thốt lốt.
2- Characteristics of the Species Borassus flabellifer L. - Toddy palm
2.1- Description
+ The plants
Toddy palm or Palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer) is a robust tree and can reach a height of 25-30 metres (82- 98 ft). The trunk is grey, robust and ringed with leaf scars; old leaves remain attached to the trunk for several years before falling cleanly.
Toddy palm or Palmyra palm can live for over 100 years.
+ The leaves
The Borassus flabellifer leaves are fan-shaped and 3 m (9.8 ft) long, 3 metres (9.8 ft) wide with petioles 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) long. The fan-shaped leaves are the margins are armed with spines.
The leaves are used for thatching, mats, baskets, fans, hats, umbrellas, and as writing material.
+ The plants
Toddy palm or Palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer) is a robust tree and can reach a height of 25-30 metres (82- 98 ft). The trunk is grey, robust and ringed with leaf scars; old leaves remain attached to the trunk for several years before falling cleanly.
Toddy palm or Palmyra palm can live for over 100 years.
+ The leaves
The Borassus flabellifer leaves are fan-shaped and 3 m (9.8 ft) long, 3 metres (9.8 ft) wide with petioles 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) long. The fan-shaped leaves are the margins are armed with spines.
The leaves are used for thatching, mats, baskets, fans, hats, umbrellas, and as writing material.
+ The flowers
Like all Borassus species, Borassus flabellifer is dioecious with male and female flowers on separate plants. The male flowers are less than 1 cm long and form semi-circular clusters, which are hidden beneath scale-like bracts within the catkin-like inflorescences. In contrast, the female flowers are golfball-sized and solitary, sitting upon the surface of the inflorescence axis. After pollination, these blooms develop into fleshy fruits 15-25 cm wide, each containing 1-3 seeds.
+ The fruits
The fruits are black to brown with sweet, fibrous pulp and each seed is enclosed within a woodyendocarp. The fruit measures 10 cm (3.9 in) to 18 cm (7.1 in) in diameter, has a black husk, and is borne in clusters. The top portion of the fruit must be cut off to reveal the sweet jelly seed sockets, translucent pale-white, similar to that of the lychee but with a milder flavor and no pit. The sweet jelly seed sockets occur in combinations of two, three or four seeds inside the fruit. The jelly part of the fruit is covered with a thin, yellowish-brown skin. These are known to contain watery fluid inside the fleshy white body.
+ The seeds
Each fruit contains 1-3 seeds, each enclosed within a woody endocarp.
These seed sockets have been the inspiration behind certain sweets Sandesh called Jalbhara found in Bengal.
Young palmyra seedlings grow slowly, producing only a few leaves each year (establishment phase), but at an as yet undetermined time, they grow rapidly, producing a substantial stem.
Source: Borassus flabellifer - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Like all Borassus species, Borassus flabellifer is dioecious with male and female flowers on separate plants. The male flowers are less than 1 cm long and form semi-circular clusters, which are hidden beneath scale-like bracts within the catkin-like inflorescences. In contrast, the female flowers are golfball-sized and solitary, sitting upon the surface of the inflorescence axis. After pollination, these blooms develop into fleshy fruits 15-25 cm wide, each containing 1-3 seeds.
+ The fruits
The fruits are black to brown with sweet, fibrous pulp and each seed is enclosed within a woodyendocarp. The fruit measures 10 cm (3.9 in) to 18 cm (7.1 in) in diameter, has a black husk, and is borne in clusters. The top portion of the fruit must be cut off to reveal the sweet jelly seed sockets, translucent pale-white, similar to that of the lychee but with a milder flavor and no pit. The sweet jelly seed sockets occur in combinations of two, three or four seeds inside the fruit. The jelly part of the fruit is covered with a thin, yellowish-brown skin. These are known to contain watery fluid inside the fleshy white body.
+ The seeds
Each fruit contains 1-3 seeds, each enclosed within a woody endocarp.
These seed sockets have been the inspiration behind certain sweets Sandesh called Jalbhara found in Bengal.
Young palmyra seedlings grow slowly, producing only a few leaves each year (establishment phase), but at an as yet undetermined time, they grow rapidly, producing a substantial stem.
Source: Borassus flabellifer - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Toddy tree and fruits
2.2- Origin and Distribution
+ Origin
Borassus flabellifer, commonly known as doub palm, palmyra palm, tala palm, toddy palm or wine palm, is native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, including Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. It is reportedly naturalized in Pakistan, Socotra, and parts of China.
+ Distribution
The Toddy palm (Borassus flabellifer) is widespread across much of tropical Africa from Senegal to Ethiopia and south to northern South Africa, though it is largely absent from the forested areas of Central Africa and desert regions such as the Sahara and Namib. This palm also grows in northwest Madagascar and the Comoros.
It grows wild from the Persian Gulf to the Cambodian-Vietnamese border; is commonly cultivated in India, Southeast Asia, Malaysia and occasionally in other warm regions including Hawaii and southern Florida. In India, it is planted as a windbreak on the plains. It is also used as a natural shelter by birds, bats and wild animals.
Borassus flabellifer is found in Bangladesh, Cambodia, China South-Central, India, Jawa, Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Myanmar, Socotra, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Thailand, and Vietnam. South and Southeast Asia. Determining the ‘natural’ distribution of Borassus flabellifer is essentially impossible as it is a widely planted crop plant. It is largely restricted to areas with seasonal rainfall and ranges from western India through Indochina to the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia.
+ Origin
Borassus flabellifer, commonly known as doub palm, palmyra palm, tala palm, toddy palm or wine palm, is native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, including Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. It is reportedly naturalized in Pakistan, Socotra, and parts of China.
+ Distribution
The Toddy palm (Borassus flabellifer) is widespread across much of tropical Africa from Senegal to Ethiopia and south to northern South Africa, though it is largely absent from the forested areas of Central Africa and desert regions such as the Sahara and Namib. This palm also grows in northwest Madagascar and the Comoros.
It grows wild from the Persian Gulf to the Cambodian-Vietnamese border; is commonly cultivated in India, Southeast Asia, Malaysia and occasionally in other warm regions including Hawaii and southern Florida. In India, it is planted as a windbreak on the plains. It is also used as a natural shelter by birds, bats and wild animals.
Borassus flabellifer is found in Bangladesh, Cambodia, China South-Central, India, Jawa, Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Myanmar, Socotra, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Thailand, and Vietnam. South and Southeast Asia. Determining the ‘natural’ distribution of Borassus flabellifer is essentially impossible as it is a widely planted crop plant. It is largely restricted to areas with seasonal rainfall and ranges from western India through Indochina to the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia.
2.3- Ecology
This palm has become especially vulnerable to rapid destruction during the past few decades. With increasing deforestation, the rise in house construction, and the increased activity of brick kilns (ovens which burn thousands of young palmyras every month to fuel brick production) - the palmyras are not allowed to grow to full maturity or to produce the many products that sustain local communities.
Defoliated trees which have been clipped too aggressively often suffer shock and die. In addition to these dangers, the rapidly expanding rubber plantation economy of neighboring Kerala state is disturbing the palmyra growing areas in Kanya Kumari, Tamil Nadu, and other vicinities so vital to the health and growth of this species.
Without planting new seedlings, allowing female palms to bear fruit, or waiting to fell fully mature palmyras (at 75-100 years old), the future of the tree is uncertain. The lives of the people who depend upon this palm and the ecology of southern India may be greatly affected by the loss of this ancient and noble species.
2.4- Nutrition
Nutritional value of Toddy palm or Palmyra palm fruit per 100 g of raw ingredient:
This palm has become especially vulnerable to rapid destruction during the past few decades. With increasing deforestation, the rise in house construction, and the increased activity of brick kilns (ovens which burn thousands of young palmyras every month to fuel brick production) - the palmyras are not allowed to grow to full maturity or to produce the many products that sustain local communities.
Defoliated trees which have been clipped too aggressively often suffer shock and die. In addition to these dangers, the rapidly expanding rubber plantation economy of neighboring Kerala state is disturbing the palmyra growing areas in Kanya Kumari, Tamil Nadu, and other vicinities so vital to the health and growth of this species.
Without planting new seedlings, allowing female palms to bear fruit, or waiting to fell fully mature palmyras (at 75-100 years old), the future of the tree is uncertain. The lives of the people who depend upon this palm and the ecology of southern India may be greatly affected by the loss of this ancient and noble species.
2.4- Nutrition
Nutritional value of Toddy palm or Palmyra palm fruit per 100 g of raw ingredient:
|
Nutrition
Water Protein Carbohydrates Calcium Phosphorus Thiamine Riboflavin Niacin Vitamin C |
Amount
77 g 1 g 21 g 9 mg 33 mg .04 mg .02 mg .3 mg 5 mg |
2.5- Benefits of the Toddy palm or Palmyra palm
+ The 10 Amazing benefits of the Toddy palm or Palmyra palm trees
1. Nutritional Benefits
Palmyra Palm Sugar is an excellent source of minerals and vitamins such as vitamin B1, vit. B2, vit. B3 vit. B6, vit. B12, zinc, potassium, iron and amino acids. It also comprises of fructose, sucrose and glucose.
2. Oral Rehydration Solution
Palm sugar is an excellent substitute for making oral rehydration solution, which is used for the maintenance of the electrolyte balance within the body cells. Next time you make a homemade oral drip of salt and sugar, try using palm sugar in place of artificial sugar. Oral rehydration solution is very useful for people suffering from vomiting, diarrhoea and those leaving fluid as the drink helps them to regain lost electrolytes and energy.
3. Low-caloric Content
Although the palm sugar is sugary in taste yet it has a low GI (Glycemic Index) of less that 41. GI level below 55 is generally believed to be a low one.
4. Culinary Purposes
Palm sugar has a very good taste thus is very useful for enhancing food taste. Its unique taste, flavor and aroma stands it out for usage in flavouring and sweetening assorted meals, dishes, sauces, pastries, cuisines and curries etc. Palm sugar can be used to sweeten herbal tea, muffins, puddings, milk, soya milk, milk shakes, coconut milk, cakes, coffee, tea, ice creams and cookies etc. But it is worthy to note that palm sugar is preferably used in cold or lukewarm drinks as adding it in hot drinks can alter the taste and appearance of the drink.
5. Ayurvedic Medicines
Palm sugar is therapeutically valuable thus very vital for making herbal medicines. Herbal medicines produced with palm sugar is used for treating typhoid, bad breathe, cold, anemia, cough, high blood pressure, Leprosy and asthma.
+ The 10 Amazing benefits of the Toddy palm or Palmyra palm trees
1. Nutritional Benefits
Palmyra Palm Sugar is an excellent source of minerals and vitamins such as vitamin B1, vit. B2, vit. B3 vit. B6, vit. B12, zinc, potassium, iron and amino acids. It also comprises of fructose, sucrose and glucose.
2. Oral Rehydration Solution
Palm sugar is an excellent substitute for making oral rehydration solution, which is used for the maintenance of the electrolyte balance within the body cells. Next time you make a homemade oral drip of salt and sugar, try using palm sugar in place of artificial sugar. Oral rehydration solution is very useful for people suffering from vomiting, diarrhoea and those leaving fluid as the drink helps them to regain lost electrolytes and energy.
3. Low-caloric Content
Although the palm sugar is sugary in taste yet it has a low GI (Glycemic Index) of less that 41. GI level below 55 is generally believed to be a low one.
4. Culinary Purposes
Palm sugar has a very good taste thus is very useful for enhancing food taste. Its unique taste, flavor and aroma stands it out for usage in flavouring and sweetening assorted meals, dishes, sauces, pastries, cuisines and curries etc. Palm sugar can be used to sweeten herbal tea, muffins, puddings, milk, soya milk, milk shakes, coconut milk, cakes, coffee, tea, ice creams and cookies etc. But it is worthy to note that palm sugar is preferably used in cold or lukewarm drinks as adding it in hot drinks can alter the taste and appearance of the drink.
5. Ayurvedic Medicines
Palm sugar is therapeutically valuable thus very vital for making herbal medicines. Herbal medicines produced with palm sugar is used for treating typhoid, bad breathe, cold, anemia, cough, high blood pressure, Leprosy and asthma.
6. Prevention of Diabetes
Due to the low Glycemic Index of palm sugar, it is a healthy substitute for artificial sugar thus helps to prevent the onset of diabetes. Palm sugar consumption has been reported not to cause a sudden spike in the blood sugar levels. However, diabetes patients should consider consuming palm sugar at a very low level.
7. Kids Development
Studies reveal that the palm sugar is made of high nutritive value that makes it suitable for promoting the development and growth of youngsters.
8. Musculoskeletal Health Boost
Palm sugar is an excellent source of potassium, which is essential for our healthy well-being and maintenance of healthy tissues and bones.
9. Energy Boost
Palm sugar helps in boosting the energy level throughout the day.
10. Economic Benefits of Sugar-Palm Trees
Parts of the tree such as the fruits, root, stem, fibers, leaves, juices, flour are economically important. For example, the vein of the palm sugar leaves can be separated from the leaves and used as meat skewers, the fibers can be used for producing brooms and straps, the leaves are knit and used as house roof tops, the starchy pith flour can be used for snacks production, the flour can also serve as corn and rice substitute, the fruit can be juiced and processed into juices.
Source: https://globalfoodbook.com/amazing-benefits-of-the-palm-sugar-tree/
Due to the low Glycemic Index of palm sugar, it is a healthy substitute for artificial sugar thus helps to prevent the onset of diabetes. Palm sugar consumption has been reported not to cause a sudden spike in the blood sugar levels. However, diabetes patients should consider consuming palm sugar at a very low level.
7. Kids Development
Studies reveal that the palm sugar is made of high nutritive value that makes it suitable for promoting the development and growth of youngsters.
8. Musculoskeletal Health Boost
Palm sugar is an excellent source of potassium, which is essential for our healthy well-being and maintenance of healthy tissues and bones.
9. Energy Boost
Palm sugar helps in boosting the energy level throughout the day.
10. Economic Benefits of Sugar-Palm Trees
Parts of the tree such as the fruits, root, stem, fibers, leaves, juices, flour are economically important. For example, the vein of the palm sugar leaves can be separated from the leaves and used as meat skewers, the fibers can be used for producing brooms and straps, the leaves are knit and used as house roof tops, the starchy pith flour can be used for snacks production, the flour can also serve as corn and rice substitute, the fruit can be juiced and processed into juices.
Source: https://globalfoodbook.com/amazing-benefits-of-the-palm-sugar-tree/
+ Sugar Palm fruit health benefits:
1. Palm seeds are considered as a delicacy in India and other asian countries where the Palmyra trees are grown. During early summer, they are sold in markets and for a limited period of time. Summer holidays are enjoyed by preparing different types of drinks, pancakes and dishes prepared from the nutritious pulp.
2. The tender fruit pulp is eaten raw during summer because it gives a cooling effect to the body. The ripened fibrous outer layer of the fruit can be eaten raw, boiled, or roasted.
3. The fruit contains vitamin A, B and also Vitamin C in the form of ascorbic acid.
4. It is rich in minerals too. Minerals such as Potassium, Iron, Calcium, Phosphorus and Zinc are found in the fruit.
5. The studies conducted recently to know more about this fruit have given satisfactory results. If the Palmyra trees are grown in large scale commercial farms, it could help solve the world’s malnutrition problem.
1. Palm seeds are considered as a delicacy in India and other asian countries where the Palmyra trees are grown. During early summer, they are sold in markets and for a limited period of time. Summer holidays are enjoyed by preparing different types of drinks, pancakes and dishes prepared from the nutritious pulp.
2. The tender fruit pulp is eaten raw during summer because it gives a cooling effect to the body. The ripened fibrous outer layer of the fruit can be eaten raw, boiled, or roasted.
3. The fruit contains vitamin A, B and also Vitamin C in the form of ascorbic acid.
4. It is rich in minerals too. Minerals such as Potassium, Iron, Calcium, Phosphorus and Zinc are found in the fruit.
5. The studies conducted recently to know more about this fruit have given satisfactory results. If the Palmyra trees are grown in large scale commercial farms, it could help solve the world’s malnutrition problem.
6. In some Asian stores they are found in cans but usually they are canned in sugar syrup. Due to the sugar syrup it becomes too sweet.
7. The fresh ones are little crunchy and moderate sweet to taste. They are chopped to small pieces and used in desserts with other variety of fruits like Pineapple, Mangoes, Papaya and offered along with some good flavored ice cream.
8. Matured palm fruit juice is used in making pancakes.
9. The seed sockets of Ice-apple have been the inspiration for some sweets prepared in West Bengal. One such sweet is Jalbhara Sandesh.
10. Its medicinal uses are still unknown to people. The pulp from the mature fruit is used over the skin to cure Dermatitis.
11. Bengalis have perfected the art of preparation of many sweet dishes with the yellowish viscous fluidic substance obtained from a ripe palm fruit. They include the mustard oil fried Taler Bora or the Taalkheer made by mixing it with thickened cow’s milk.
Source: http://hubpages.com/food/Sugar_Palm_fruit_and_its_health_benefits
7. The fresh ones are little crunchy and moderate sweet to taste. They are chopped to small pieces and used in desserts with other variety of fruits like Pineapple, Mangoes, Papaya and offered along with some good flavored ice cream.
8. Matured palm fruit juice is used in making pancakes.
9. The seed sockets of Ice-apple have been the inspiration for some sweets prepared in West Bengal. One such sweet is Jalbhara Sandesh.
10. Its medicinal uses are still unknown to people. The pulp from the mature fruit is used over the skin to cure Dermatitis.
11. Bengalis have perfected the art of preparation of many sweet dishes with the yellowish viscous fluidic substance obtained from a ripe palm fruit. They include the mustard oil fried Taler Bora or the Taalkheer made by mixing it with thickened cow’s milk.
Source: http://hubpages.com/food/Sugar_Palm_fruit_and_its_health_benefits
+ The 10 Amazing Health Benefits Of Palm Jaggery
- Introduction
Palm jaggery is an excellent substitute for white sugar. Let’s put it this way-As compared to white sugar that is devoid of nutrients, palm jaggery is a nutritious sweetener. All the phytonutrients of white sugar get flushed out during processing. Apart from its sweet taste, it contains no nutrient. On the other hand, jaggery is processed without any chemicals or artificial ingredients. So, it is a healthy and natural sweetener.
Palm jaggery is the most beneficial and nutrient-rich variety of raw jaggery. It is prepared from palm tree extract and is loaded with minerals and vitamins. However, some people dislike its appearance. It is also pricey. But palm jaggery benefits are enviable because of its medicinal properties, you won’t really mind it!
- The palm jaggery benefits for health are:
1. Rich Source Of Minerals:
Palm jaggery is rich in essential minerals. According to some studies, it has 60 times more minerals than white sugar. It is also the storehouse of many vitamins.
2. Restores Healthy Digestion:
It may sound strange, but palm jaggery works as a digestive agent. In some regions of India, people take small serving of it after heavy meals to digestion the food. It activates the digestive enzymes and helps to cleanse the intestinal tracts.
3. Rich In Nutrients:
Palm jaggery is rich in iron. Its regular consumption increases hemoglobin level and treats anemia. Magnesium, on the other hand, regulates the nervous system. High antioxidant content of this natural sweetener helps to protect body cells from damages caused by free radicals. It is equally rich in calcium, potassium, and phosphorus.
4. Energy Booster:
Palm jaggery has composite carbohydrates. You can digest it sooner than the white sugar. It releases out energy if you consume it regularly. It means that you can stay fresh and active for hours after eating palm jaggery. [Read: Benefits Of Organic Jaggery]
5. Active Cleanser:
Palm jaggery also cleans up your system. It cleanses the respiratory tract, intestines, food pipe, lungs, and stomach. It also helps to wipe out the toxins from the body, leaving you healthy and fit!
- Introduction
Palm jaggery is an excellent substitute for white sugar. Let’s put it this way-As compared to white sugar that is devoid of nutrients, palm jaggery is a nutritious sweetener. All the phytonutrients of white sugar get flushed out during processing. Apart from its sweet taste, it contains no nutrient. On the other hand, jaggery is processed without any chemicals or artificial ingredients. So, it is a healthy and natural sweetener.
Palm jaggery is the most beneficial and nutrient-rich variety of raw jaggery. It is prepared from palm tree extract and is loaded with minerals and vitamins. However, some people dislike its appearance. It is also pricey. But palm jaggery benefits are enviable because of its medicinal properties, you won’t really mind it!
- The palm jaggery benefits for health are:
1. Rich Source Of Minerals:
Palm jaggery is rich in essential minerals. According to some studies, it has 60 times more minerals than white sugar. It is also the storehouse of many vitamins.
2. Restores Healthy Digestion:
It may sound strange, but palm jaggery works as a digestive agent. In some regions of India, people take small serving of it after heavy meals to digestion the food. It activates the digestive enzymes and helps to cleanse the intestinal tracts.
3. Rich In Nutrients:
Palm jaggery is rich in iron. Its regular consumption increases hemoglobin level and treats anemia. Magnesium, on the other hand, regulates the nervous system. High antioxidant content of this natural sweetener helps to protect body cells from damages caused by free radicals. It is equally rich in calcium, potassium, and phosphorus.
4. Energy Booster:
Palm jaggery has composite carbohydrates. You can digest it sooner than the white sugar. It releases out energy if you consume it regularly. It means that you can stay fresh and active for hours after eating palm jaggery. [Read: Benefits Of Organic Jaggery]
5. Active Cleanser:
Palm jaggery also cleans up your system. It cleanses the respiratory tract, intestines, food pipe, lungs, and stomach. It also helps to wipe out the toxins from the body, leaving you healthy and fit!
6. Relieves Constipation:
Jaggery palm is full of dietary fibers. These fibers help to treat constipation and indigestion. It helps to clean the system by flushing out unwanted particles. It also stimulates bowel movement.
7. Relieves Many Common Ailments:
Palm jaggery was used in ancient times for its medicinal properties. In fact, it was used to treat dry cough and cold. Palm jaggery helps to clear the respiratory tract by dissolving the mucus. If a person who is suffering respiratory problems like asthma can take palm jaggery to treat it. [Read: Is Jaggery Helpful To Treat Diabetics]
8. Heals Migraines:
Migraine is the most painful of all headaches. Natural medicinal content of palm jaggery helps to reduce this pain. Just take 1 tsp of palm jaggery, and you will experience relief from migraine.
9. Helps In Weight Loss:
This is a startling fact about palm jaggery. Higher count of potassium in this raw sweetener reduces water retention and bloating. As such, your weight loss regimen is well supported by this sweetener. [Read: Jaggery Help You To Lose Weight]
10. Seasonal Effects On Body:
Palm jaggery offers relief from both blistering summers and chilling winters. In summer, palmyra jaggery gives you the cooling respite while date palm jaggery keeps you warm during winters.
Source: http://www.stylecraze.com/articles/health-benefits-of-palm-jaggery
Jaggery palm is full of dietary fibers. These fibers help to treat constipation and indigestion. It helps to clean the system by flushing out unwanted particles. It also stimulates bowel movement.
7. Relieves Many Common Ailments:
Palm jaggery was used in ancient times for its medicinal properties. In fact, it was used to treat dry cough and cold. Palm jaggery helps to clear the respiratory tract by dissolving the mucus. If a person who is suffering respiratory problems like asthma can take palm jaggery to treat it. [Read: Is Jaggery Helpful To Treat Diabetics]
8. Heals Migraines:
Migraine is the most painful of all headaches. Natural medicinal content of palm jaggery helps to reduce this pain. Just take 1 tsp of palm jaggery, and you will experience relief from migraine.
9. Helps In Weight Loss:
This is a startling fact about palm jaggery. Higher count of potassium in this raw sweetener reduces water retention and bloating. As such, your weight loss regimen is well supported by this sweetener. [Read: Jaggery Help You To Lose Weight]
10. Seasonal Effects On Body:
Palm jaggery offers relief from both blistering summers and chilling winters. In summer, palmyra jaggery gives you the cooling respite while date palm jaggery keeps you warm during winters.
Source: http://www.stylecraze.com/articles/health-benefits-of-palm-jaggery
3- The Uses of Toddy alm or Palmyra palm
The Toddy palms or Palmyra palms are economically useful and widely cultivated, especially in southeast Asia. The toddy palm or palmyra palm has long been one of the most important trees of Cambodia and India, where it has over 800 uses.
3.1- Food Uses
+ From the fruits of Toddy palm or Palmyra palm
The top portion of the fruit must be cut off to reveal the sweet jelly seed sockets, translucent pale-white, similar to that of the lychee but with a milder flavor and no pit. The sweet jelly seed sockets occur in combinations of two, three or four seeds inside the fruit. The jelly part of the fruit is covered with a thin, yellowish-brown skin.
These seed sockets have been the inspiration behind certain sweets Sandesh called Jalbhara found in Bengal.
The immature seeds can be eaten and contain a sweet jelly that has a refreshing taste.
The conventional way this fruit is eaten is when the outer casing is still unripe while the seeds are eaten as the fruit. But if the entire fruit is left to ripen, the fibrous outer layer of the palm fruits can also be eaten raw, boiled, or roasted. When this happens, the fruit takes a purple-blackish hue and tastes similar to a Mango.
The ripened fibrous outer layer of the palm fruits can also be eaten raw, boiled, or roasted. The skin is also eaten as part of the fruit similar to how mango skins are often consumed along with the fruit.
Bengali People have perfected the art of making various sweet dishes with the yellowish viscous fluidic substance obtained from a ripe palm fruit. These include Mustard oil fried Taler Bora, or mixed with thickened milk to form Taalkheer.
These are known to contain watery fluid inside the fleshy white body.
Palm vinegar is used in preparing the Ponye-Gyi (sour bean paste) one of Myanmar favorite dish.
The seeds are pressed to extract toddy oil, used as an ingredient in the manufacture of soap.
The ripened fibrous outer layer of the palm fruits can also be eaten raw, boiled, or roasted.
The fruit is loaded with minerals, especially phosphorous and calcium. With absolutely no fat and protein, it is a boon for those on a diet.
3.1- Food Uses
+ From the fruits of Toddy palm or Palmyra palm
The top portion of the fruit must be cut off to reveal the sweet jelly seed sockets, translucent pale-white, similar to that of the lychee but with a milder flavor and no pit. The sweet jelly seed sockets occur in combinations of two, three or four seeds inside the fruit. The jelly part of the fruit is covered with a thin, yellowish-brown skin.
These seed sockets have been the inspiration behind certain sweets Sandesh called Jalbhara found in Bengal.
The immature seeds can be eaten and contain a sweet jelly that has a refreshing taste.
The conventional way this fruit is eaten is when the outer casing is still unripe while the seeds are eaten as the fruit. But if the entire fruit is left to ripen, the fibrous outer layer of the palm fruits can also be eaten raw, boiled, or roasted. When this happens, the fruit takes a purple-blackish hue and tastes similar to a Mango.
The ripened fibrous outer layer of the palm fruits can also be eaten raw, boiled, or roasted. The skin is also eaten as part of the fruit similar to how mango skins are often consumed along with the fruit.
Bengali People have perfected the art of making various sweet dishes with the yellowish viscous fluidic substance obtained from a ripe palm fruit. These include Mustard oil fried Taler Bora, or mixed with thickened milk to form Taalkheer.
These are known to contain watery fluid inside the fleshy white body.
Palm vinegar is used in preparing the Ponye-Gyi (sour bean paste) one of Myanmar favorite dish.
The seeds are pressed to extract toddy oil, used as an ingredient in the manufacture of soap.
The ripened fibrous outer layer of the palm fruits can also be eaten raw, boiled, or roasted.
The fruit is loaded with minerals, especially phosphorous and calcium. With absolutely no fat and protein, it is a boon for those on a diet.
+ From other parts of Toddy palm or Palmyra palm
- Sap
Obtaining the sap traditionally involves tapping the top shoots and collecting the dripping juice in hanging earthen pots. The juice so collected before morning is refreshing and light drink called Thaati Kallu in Telugu, Neera in Marathi and "Pathaneer" in Tamil is extremely cool in sensation, and has a sugary sweet taste. The juice collected in evening or after fermentation becomes sour, and is called Tadi in Marathi. Tadi is consumed mostly by coastal villagers Maharashtra as a raw alcoholic beverage.
- Toddy
A sugary sap called toddy, can be obtained from the young inflorescence, either male or female. Toddy is fermented to make a beverage called arrack, or it is concentrated to a crude sugar called jaggery or Taal Patali in Bengali and Pana Vellam or Karuppukatti in Tamil. It is called Gula Jawa (Javanese sugar) in Indonesia, and is widely used in Javanese cuisine. In addition, the tree sap is taken as a laxative, and is believed to possess medicinal virtues that have also been ascribed to other parts of the plant.
The chief product of the palmyra is the sweet sap (toddy) obtained by tapping the tip of the inflorescence, as is done with the other sugar palms and, to a lesser extent, with the coconut. The sap flows for 5-6 months - 200 days in Ceylon - each male spadix producing 4-5 l per day; the female gives 50% more than the male.
Toddy juice is sweet when first harvested from the trees, but it may be fermented in the sun to make an alcoholic drink, called “toddy beer” or “toddy wine.”
The toddy ferments naturally within a few hours after sunrise and is locally popular as a beverage; it is distilled to produce the alcoholic liquor called palm wine, arrack, or arak. Rubbing the inside of the toddy-collecting receptacle with lime paste prevents fermentation, and thereafter the sap is referred to as sweet toddy, which yields concentrated or crude sugar (gur in India; jaggery in Ceylon); molasses, palm candy, and vinegar.
Toddy is harvested from 15 year old toddy palm. The sweet sap comes from toddy-udders (Htan-no) of male trees.
Palmyra palm jaggery (Toddy palm sugar or Gur) is much more nutritious than crude cane sugar, containing 1.04% protein, 0.19% fat, 76.86% sucrose, 1.66% glucose, 3.15% total minerals, 0.861 % calcium, 0.052% phosphorus; also 11.01 mg iron per 100 g and 0.767 mg of copper per 100 g. The fresh sap is reportedly a good source of vitamin B complex.
- Sap
Obtaining the sap traditionally involves tapping the top shoots and collecting the dripping juice in hanging earthen pots. The juice so collected before morning is refreshing and light drink called Thaati Kallu in Telugu, Neera in Marathi and "Pathaneer" in Tamil is extremely cool in sensation, and has a sugary sweet taste. The juice collected in evening or after fermentation becomes sour, and is called Tadi in Marathi. Tadi is consumed mostly by coastal villagers Maharashtra as a raw alcoholic beverage.
- Toddy
A sugary sap called toddy, can be obtained from the young inflorescence, either male or female. Toddy is fermented to make a beverage called arrack, or it is concentrated to a crude sugar called jaggery or Taal Patali in Bengali and Pana Vellam or Karuppukatti in Tamil. It is called Gula Jawa (Javanese sugar) in Indonesia, and is widely used in Javanese cuisine. In addition, the tree sap is taken as a laxative, and is believed to possess medicinal virtues that have also been ascribed to other parts of the plant.
The chief product of the palmyra is the sweet sap (toddy) obtained by tapping the tip of the inflorescence, as is done with the other sugar palms and, to a lesser extent, with the coconut. The sap flows for 5-6 months - 200 days in Ceylon - each male spadix producing 4-5 l per day; the female gives 50% more than the male.
Toddy juice is sweet when first harvested from the trees, but it may be fermented in the sun to make an alcoholic drink, called “toddy beer” or “toddy wine.”
The toddy ferments naturally within a few hours after sunrise and is locally popular as a beverage; it is distilled to produce the alcoholic liquor called palm wine, arrack, or arak. Rubbing the inside of the toddy-collecting receptacle with lime paste prevents fermentation, and thereafter the sap is referred to as sweet toddy, which yields concentrated or crude sugar (gur in India; jaggery in Ceylon); molasses, palm candy, and vinegar.
Toddy is harvested from 15 year old toddy palm. The sweet sap comes from toddy-udders (Htan-no) of male trees.
Palmyra palm jaggery (Toddy palm sugar or Gur) is much more nutritious than crude cane sugar, containing 1.04% protein, 0.19% fat, 76.86% sucrose, 1.66% glucose, 3.15% total minerals, 0.861 % calcium, 0.052% phosphorus; also 11.01 mg iron per 100 g and 0.767 mg of copper per 100 g. The fresh sap is reportedly a good source of vitamin B complex.
- Palmyra sprout (also known as Palmyra Tuber) is a sprout that grows on Palmyra palms or Borassus flabellifer. The germinated seed's hard shell is also cut open to take out the crunchy kernel, which tastes like a sweeter water chestnut. It is called "dhavanai" in Tamil. The white kernel of the ripe palm fruit after being left for a few months has got its uses. It can be dried or boiled to form Odiyal, a hard chewable snack. It can be used by the sugar patients.
It is used as an offering in Lakshmi Puja in various parts of Bengal and is also eaten raw. It is popular among women and girls in India.
In the Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Bihar, and in Jaffna, Sri Lanka, the seeds are planted and made to germinate and the fleshy stems (below the surface) are boiled or roasted and eaten. It is very fibrous and nutritious. It is known as Thegalu or Gaygulu or Gengulu (especially in Telangana) in Telugu, as Panai Kizhangu or Panangkizhangu in Tamil, and as htabin myiq in Myanmar.
The germinated seed's hard shell is also cut open to take out the crunchy kernel, which tastes like a sweeter water chestnut. It is called Buragunju in Telugu and "thavanai" in Tamil.
The white kernel of the ripe palm fruit after being left for a few months is used as an offering in Lakshmi Puja in various parts of Bengal and is also eaten raw.
See also: Palmyra sprout
- The young plants are cooked as a vegetable or roasted and pounded to make meal.
In the states of Tamil Nadu, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh, India, and in Jaffna, Sri Lanka, the seeds are planted and made to germinate and the fleshy stems (below the surface) are boiled or roasted and eaten. It is very fibrous and nutritious, known as Panai Kizhangu or Panamkizhangu in Tamil and Thegalu or Gaygulu or Gengulu (especially in Andhra pradesh and Telangana areas) in Telugu.
- The leaves: In some part of Tamil Nadu, a variety of rice flour cake (called "Kolukattai") is prepared using the leaf.
It is used as an offering in Lakshmi Puja in various parts of Bengal and is also eaten raw. It is popular among women and girls in India.
In the Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Bihar, and in Jaffna, Sri Lanka, the seeds are planted and made to germinate and the fleshy stems (below the surface) are boiled or roasted and eaten. It is very fibrous and nutritious. It is known as Thegalu or Gaygulu or Gengulu (especially in Telangana) in Telugu, as Panai Kizhangu or Panangkizhangu in Tamil, and as htabin myiq in Myanmar.
The germinated seed's hard shell is also cut open to take out the crunchy kernel, which tastes like a sweeter water chestnut. It is called Buragunju in Telugu and "thavanai" in Tamil.
The white kernel of the ripe palm fruit after being left for a few months is used as an offering in Lakshmi Puja in various parts of Bengal and is also eaten raw.
See also: Palmyra sprout
- The young plants are cooked as a vegetable or roasted and pounded to make meal.
In the states of Tamil Nadu, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh, India, and in Jaffna, Sri Lanka, the seeds are planted and made to germinate and the fleshy stems (below the surface) are boiled or roasted and eaten. It is very fibrous and nutritious, known as Panai Kizhangu or Panamkizhangu in Tamil and Thegalu or Gaygulu or Gengulu (especially in Andhra pradesh and Telangana areas) in Telugu.
- The leaves: In some part of Tamil Nadu, a variety of rice flour cake (called "Kolukattai") is prepared using the leaf.
3.2- Medicinal Uses
+ Folk Medicine
There are innumerable medicinal uses for all parts of the palmyra palm. Briefly, the young plant is said to relieve biliousness, dysentery, and gonorrhea.
Young roots are diuretic and anthelmintic, and a decoction is given in certain respiratory diseases. The ash of the spadix is taken to relieve heartburn and enlarged spleen and liver.
The bark decoction, with salt, is used as a mouth wash, and charcoal made of the bark serves as a dentifrice.
Sap from the flower stalk is prized as a tonic, diuretic, stimulant, laxative and anti phlegmatic and amebicide. Sugar made from this sap is said to counteract poisoning, and it is prescribed in liver disorders.
Candied, it is a remedy for coughs and various pulmonary complaints. Fresh toddy, heated to promote fermentation, is bandaged onto all kinds of ulcers.
The cabbage, leaf petioles, and dried male flower spikes all have diuretic activity. The pulp of the mature fruit relieves dermatitis.
+ Folk Medicine
There are innumerable medicinal uses for all parts of the palmyra palm. Briefly, the young plant is said to relieve biliousness, dysentery, and gonorrhea.
Young roots are diuretic and anthelmintic, and a decoction is given in certain respiratory diseases. The ash of the spadix is taken to relieve heartburn and enlarged spleen and liver.
The bark decoction, with salt, is used as a mouth wash, and charcoal made of the bark serves as a dentifrice.
Sap from the flower stalk is prized as a tonic, diuretic, stimulant, laxative and anti phlegmatic and amebicide. Sugar made from this sap is said to counteract poisoning, and it is prescribed in liver disorders.
Candied, it is a remedy for coughs and various pulmonary complaints. Fresh toddy, heated to promote fermentation, is bandaged onto all kinds of ulcers.
The cabbage, leaf petioles, and dried male flower spikes all have diuretic activity. The pulp of the mature fruit relieves dermatitis.
+ Studies
1• Anti-Inflammatory / Flowers: Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Borassus flabellifer L. male flowers (inflorescences) in experimental animals: Extract showed dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity and supports it folkloric use as an anti-inflammatory agent.
2• Saponins / Antidiabetogenic: Study of methanolic extract yielded 6 new steroid saponins: borassosides A-F. Results showed inhibition of increase of serum glucose in sucrose-loaded rats.
3• Neurotoxic Effect: Study on the neurotoxic effect of palmyrah shoot flour on Wistar rats showed a neurotoxic effect that appears to be a tissue non-specific damage reflected at a subclinical level. Neurotoxic effect was eliminated by heating detoxification. The nutritional status of the diet influenced the manifestation of the toxic effect.
4• Aerobiologic / Aeroallergen: Study investigated the aerobiologic and allergenic significance of the pollen of palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer). Pollen grains were found present in the air from February to May and June, comprising 7% of total airborne pollen of the study area. The pollen is a dominant aeroallergen that can cause respiratory problems. The pollen extract isolated a 90-kD component, one of the major allergens.
5• Antioxidant: Study showed the leaves and roots to possess antioxidant activity. The antioxidant potential of leaves to be greater than the roots. The activity was attributed to flavonoids, saponins, tannins and phenolic compounds in the leaf.
6• Cytotoxic / Flabelliferin: Palmyrah flour (Odiyal) is known to yield a number of toxins with mutagenic, clastogenic, immunosuppressive, and mosquito larvicidal effects. A pressure liquid chromatography separation for dengue mosquito larvicide yielded a white amorphous solid. Study on a melanoma cell line showed cytotoxic activity on differentiating cancer lines.
7• Antibacterial: Study of antibacterial activity of a methanol extract of seed coat against Gram-positive bacteria (Staph aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonia and Serratia marcescens) showed consistent inhibitory activity on different bacterial species tested.
8• Anticancer / Apoptosis of Human Colon Cancer Ht-29 Cells / Inflorescence: An apolar extract from male inflorescence was studied on colon cancer HT29 cells. Phytochemical analysis yielded sterols triterpenes, and saponosids. The extract significantly inhibited cell proliferation by blocking cell population in G0/G1 phase. Results indicated anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities.
9• Antioxidant / Nutrients / Potential Food Source: Study showed the plant seed embryo to possess micro/macro nutrients and antioxidant properties with neutraceutical potential for the treatment of malnutrition. (see constituents above)
10• Antimicrobial / Seed Coat: Study evaluated various extracts of seed coat of B. flabellifer for antimicrobial activity. Results showed high rate of growth inhibition against some human pathogens. Among all tested organisms, Aspergillus brasiliensis and Bacillus subtilis showed a higher rate of inhibition with ethanolic and methanolic extracts.
11• Anti-Tumor / HeLa Cell Line / Seed Coat: Study evaluated the anticancer activity of seed coat of Borassus flabellifer on the HeLa cell line. Results showed significant cytotoxicity in concentration range between 32 µg/ml to 750 µg/ml by MTT assay. Preliminary studies showed even low concentration of the plant extract showed significant antiproliferative activity.
12• Antibacterial / Antioxidant: Study of a methanolic seed coat extract showed significant antibacterial activity against human pathogenic organisms and free radical scavenging activity by ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging assay.
13• Dried Fruit Pulp as Antidiabetic Food Component: The fruit pulp of palmyrah has been shown to inhibit intestinal glucose uptake in mice, via inhibition of intestinal ATPase by flabelliferin-II, a steroidal saponin. This study investigated whether dried fruit pulp (pinattu), which has been consumed in NE Sri Lanka for centuries, could reduce serum glucose levels of mild type 2 diabetics. Results suggest pinattu could be used as an anti-hyperglycemic agent.
14• Mucilage / Gelling Agent: Study evaluated the gelling potential of natural mucilage obtained from the endosperm of Borassus Flabellifer fruit. Results showed BF mucilage can be used as pharmaceutical excipient in gel formulations, with the potential to replace some synthetic gelling polymers.
15• Palm Jaggery: Jaggery is a sugar rich product obtained by evaporation of sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) juice, or sap obtained from Palmyrah palm (B. flabellifer), date palm (P. dactylifera) or coconut palm (C. nucifera). It contains 65-85% sucrose, 5-5% reducing sugars, consumed directly of used in the making of sweet confectionaries and ayurvedic/traditional medicines. Study reports provides information on the production of jaggery, the need of developing standard process and greater mechanisation of climbing devices, tapping systems, and improved efficiency in the collection process, decreased contamination and improving of shelf life.
1• Anti-Inflammatory / Flowers: Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Borassus flabellifer L. male flowers (inflorescences) in experimental animals: Extract showed dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity and supports it folkloric use as an anti-inflammatory agent.
2• Saponins / Antidiabetogenic: Study of methanolic extract yielded 6 new steroid saponins: borassosides A-F. Results showed inhibition of increase of serum glucose in sucrose-loaded rats.
3• Neurotoxic Effect: Study on the neurotoxic effect of palmyrah shoot flour on Wistar rats showed a neurotoxic effect that appears to be a tissue non-specific damage reflected at a subclinical level. Neurotoxic effect was eliminated by heating detoxification. The nutritional status of the diet influenced the manifestation of the toxic effect.
4• Aerobiologic / Aeroallergen: Study investigated the aerobiologic and allergenic significance of the pollen of palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer). Pollen grains were found present in the air from February to May and June, comprising 7% of total airborne pollen of the study area. The pollen is a dominant aeroallergen that can cause respiratory problems. The pollen extract isolated a 90-kD component, one of the major allergens.
5• Antioxidant: Study showed the leaves and roots to possess antioxidant activity. The antioxidant potential of leaves to be greater than the roots. The activity was attributed to flavonoids, saponins, tannins and phenolic compounds in the leaf.
6• Cytotoxic / Flabelliferin: Palmyrah flour (Odiyal) is known to yield a number of toxins with mutagenic, clastogenic, immunosuppressive, and mosquito larvicidal effects. A pressure liquid chromatography separation for dengue mosquito larvicide yielded a white amorphous solid. Study on a melanoma cell line showed cytotoxic activity on differentiating cancer lines.
7• Antibacterial: Study of antibacterial activity of a methanol extract of seed coat against Gram-positive bacteria (Staph aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonia and Serratia marcescens) showed consistent inhibitory activity on different bacterial species tested.
8• Anticancer / Apoptosis of Human Colon Cancer Ht-29 Cells / Inflorescence: An apolar extract from male inflorescence was studied on colon cancer HT29 cells. Phytochemical analysis yielded sterols triterpenes, and saponosids. The extract significantly inhibited cell proliferation by blocking cell population in G0/G1 phase. Results indicated anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities.
9• Antioxidant / Nutrients / Potential Food Source: Study showed the plant seed embryo to possess micro/macro nutrients and antioxidant properties with neutraceutical potential for the treatment of malnutrition. (see constituents above)
10• Antimicrobial / Seed Coat: Study evaluated various extracts of seed coat of B. flabellifer for antimicrobial activity. Results showed high rate of growth inhibition against some human pathogens. Among all tested organisms, Aspergillus brasiliensis and Bacillus subtilis showed a higher rate of inhibition with ethanolic and methanolic extracts.
11• Anti-Tumor / HeLa Cell Line / Seed Coat: Study evaluated the anticancer activity of seed coat of Borassus flabellifer on the HeLa cell line. Results showed significant cytotoxicity in concentration range between 32 µg/ml to 750 µg/ml by MTT assay. Preliminary studies showed even low concentration of the plant extract showed significant antiproliferative activity.
12• Antibacterial / Antioxidant: Study of a methanolic seed coat extract showed significant antibacterial activity against human pathogenic organisms and free radical scavenging activity by ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging assay.
13• Dried Fruit Pulp as Antidiabetic Food Component: The fruit pulp of palmyrah has been shown to inhibit intestinal glucose uptake in mice, via inhibition of intestinal ATPase by flabelliferin-II, a steroidal saponin. This study investigated whether dried fruit pulp (pinattu), which has been consumed in NE Sri Lanka for centuries, could reduce serum glucose levels of mild type 2 diabetics. Results suggest pinattu could be used as an anti-hyperglycemic agent.
14• Mucilage / Gelling Agent: Study evaluated the gelling potential of natural mucilage obtained from the endosperm of Borassus Flabellifer fruit. Results showed BF mucilage can be used as pharmaceutical excipient in gel formulations, with the potential to replace some synthetic gelling polymers.
15• Palm Jaggery: Jaggery is a sugar rich product obtained by evaporation of sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) juice, or sap obtained from Palmyrah palm (B. flabellifer), date palm (P. dactylifera) or coconut palm (C. nucifera). It contains 65-85% sucrose, 5-5% reducing sugars, consumed directly of used in the making of sweet confectionaries and ayurvedic/traditional medicines. Study reports provides information on the production of jaggery, the need of developing standard process and greater mechanisation of climbing devices, tapping systems, and improved efficiency in the collection process, decreased contamination and improving of shelf life.
16• Hypoglycemic / Inflorescence: Study evaluated the hypoglycemic acitivity of inflorescence of B. flabellifer extract in STZ-induced diabetic male wistar rats. Treatment caused a significant (p<0.01) reduction in blood glucose levels when compared with control. Results suggest the inflorescence extracts possess an antidiabetic effect. (see constituents above).
17• Antioxidant / Leaves and Roots: Study of antioxidant activity of BF leaves and roots by FRAP and Reducing Power Assay methods suggest the plant materials are a viable source of natural antioxidants. Activity may be due to the presence of phytoconstituents like flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and phenolic compounds. (21)
18• Biosorption of Methylene Blue: Study evaluated the biosorbent capacity of palm tree flower (male) for removal of MB. Results showed PTMF, a plant waste material, can be a potential biosorbent for removal of MB from aqueous solution. PTMF is an inexpensive and abundantly available material, an alternative to costly adsorbents used for dye removal in waste water treatment.
19• Anticancer / Anti-Inflammatory / 5-LOX Inhibitory Activity / Apoptosis in MIA PaCa-2 Pancreatic Cancer Cells : Study of seed coat extract of Borassus flabellifer found substantial 5-LOX inhibitory activity. Dammarane triterpenoid 1 (Dammara-20,23-diene-3,25-diol) was isolated. It inhibited carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and TNF-a secretion levels in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced THP-1 human monocytes. Anticancer activity study demonstrated the antiproliferative effect of dammarane triterpenoid 1 on various cancer cell lines and showed good antiproliferative activity on MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cell line with IC50 of 12.36±0.33 µM.
20• Antidiabetic / Antihyperlipidemic / inflorescence: Study evaluated Borassus flabellifer inflorescence extracts against STZ-induced diabetic male wistar rats. An ethanolic extract exhibited reduction of blood sugar. There was significant reduction in total cholesterol, LDL and VLDL cholesterol and improvement in HDL cholesterol of the diabetic rats.
21• Antidiabetic / Antioxidant / Flowers: Study evaluated an ethanolic extract of flowers for antidiabetic and antioxidant effects. Results showed 20% blood glucose lowering on acute study and 35% in sub-acute study. The extract exerted significant DPPH radical scavenging effect. The activity may be attributed to active constituents like flavonoids and triterpenoids.
22• Phytochemicals / Antioxidant Activity / Dried Fruits: Phytochemical screening of various extracts of dried roots showed 1.61% alkaloids and 0.63% saponins and GC/MS screening of extracts yielded fatty acids, alkanes, alkenes, ketones, aldehydes, diterpenes, phytols, and sterols. A methanol extract of dried roots showed an antioxidant potential of ABTS (IC50=2 mg/ml) by FRAP assay. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in the chloroform extract (129.6 µg BHT/100 mg extract). (see constituents above).
23• Antiulcer Activity / Fruits: Study evaluated various extracts of fruits of Borassus flabellifer for antiulcer activi5ty using aspirin Pylorus ligation and ethanol induced models using albino rats. Aqueous extracts of fruits showed significant antiulcer activity compared to other extracts. Results were comparable to standard drug Ranitidine. (see constituents above).
24• Alternative Excipient: Study showed B. flabellifer starch was comparable with maize starch and can be used as a pharmaceutical excipient in tablet preparations.
25• Anthelmintic / Leaves: Study evaluated the anthelmintic activity of Borassus flabellifer leaves against Indian earthworm Pheretima posthuma. Results showed the methanolic extract with significant concentration dependent anthelmintic activity. A 50 mg/ml extract concentration showed better activity with paralysis time and death time when compared to standard albendazole.
Source: http://stuartxchange.com/Palmira.html
17• Antioxidant / Leaves and Roots: Study of antioxidant activity of BF leaves and roots by FRAP and Reducing Power Assay methods suggest the plant materials are a viable source of natural antioxidants. Activity may be due to the presence of phytoconstituents like flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and phenolic compounds. (21)
18• Biosorption of Methylene Blue: Study evaluated the biosorbent capacity of palm tree flower (male) for removal of MB. Results showed PTMF, a plant waste material, can be a potential biosorbent for removal of MB from aqueous solution. PTMF is an inexpensive and abundantly available material, an alternative to costly adsorbents used for dye removal in waste water treatment.
19• Anticancer / Anti-Inflammatory / 5-LOX Inhibitory Activity / Apoptosis in MIA PaCa-2 Pancreatic Cancer Cells : Study of seed coat extract of Borassus flabellifer found substantial 5-LOX inhibitory activity. Dammarane triterpenoid 1 (Dammara-20,23-diene-3,25-diol) was isolated. It inhibited carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and TNF-a secretion levels in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced THP-1 human monocytes. Anticancer activity study demonstrated the antiproliferative effect of dammarane triterpenoid 1 on various cancer cell lines and showed good antiproliferative activity on MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cell line with IC50 of 12.36±0.33 µM.
20• Antidiabetic / Antihyperlipidemic / inflorescence: Study evaluated Borassus flabellifer inflorescence extracts against STZ-induced diabetic male wistar rats. An ethanolic extract exhibited reduction of blood sugar. There was significant reduction in total cholesterol, LDL and VLDL cholesterol and improvement in HDL cholesterol of the diabetic rats.
21• Antidiabetic / Antioxidant / Flowers: Study evaluated an ethanolic extract of flowers for antidiabetic and antioxidant effects. Results showed 20% blood glucose lowering on acute study and 35% in sub-acute study. The extract exerted significant DPPH radical scavenging effect. The activity may be attributed to active constituents like flavonoids and triterpenoids.
22• Phytochemicals / Antioxidant Activity / Dried Fruits: Phytochemical screening of various extracts of dried roots showed 1.61% alkaloids and 0.63% saponins and GC/MS screening of extracts yielded fatty acids, alkanes, alkenes, ketones, aldehydes, diterpenes, phytols, and sterols. A methanol extract of dried roots showed an antioxidant potential of ABTS (IC50=2 mg/ml) by FRAP assay. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in the chloroform extract (129.6 µg BHT/100 mg extract). (see constituents above).
23• Antiulcer Activity / Fruits: Study evaluated various extracts of fruits of Borassus flabellifer for antiulcer activi5ty using aspirin Pylorus ligation and ethanol induced models using albino rats. Aqueous extracts of fruits showed significant antiulcer activity compared to other extracts. Results were comparable to standard drug Ranitidine. (see constituents above).
24• Alternative Excipient: Study showed B. flabellifer starch was comparable with maize starch and can be used as a pharmaceutical excipient in tablet preparations.
25• Anthelmintic / Leaves: Study evaluated the anthelmintic activity of Borassus flabellifer leaves against Indian earthworm Pheretima posthuma. Results showed the methanolic extract with significant concentration dependent anthelmintic activity. A 50 mg/ml extract concentration showed better activity with paralysis time and death time when compared to standard albendazole.
Source: http://stuartxchange.com/Palmira.html
3.3- Other Uses
There are many uses for various parts of the toddy palm. These listed are among the most common.
+ In Cultural Uses
- In Tamil culture
The Palmyra tree is the official tree of Tamil Nadu. In Tamil culture, it is called karpaha,”Nungu” “celestial tree”, and is highly respected because all its parts can be used. The recently germinated seeds have formed fleshy sprouts below the surface which can be boiled and eaten as a fibrous, nutritious food. The germinated seed’s hard shell is also cut open to take out the crunchy kernel which tastes like a water chestnut but is sweeter. The ripe fibrous outer layer of the fruits is edible after boiling or roasting. When the fruit is tender, the kernel inside the hard shell is an edible jelly that is refreshing and rich in minerals. When the crown of the tree from which the leaves sprout is cut we get an edible cake. In ancient times, dried palm leaves were used to write manuscripts.
- In Palakkad, Kerala (India)
Palakkad District of Kerala State is popularly known as land of Palmyra trees.Palmyra trees are known as the Icon of this district and has got vast cultural, heritage & literary association. Many novels, stories and poems revolve around these trees. The path-breaking Malayalam novel written by the Indian writer O. V. Vijayan, ‘Khasakkinte Itihasam’ mentions Palmyra trees in various angles. Many people, especially in eastern Palakkad live on earnings by tapping Pamyra Toddy, which are sold in outlets controlled by Co-op Societies.The district authorities are taking the very action to preserve these trees & maintain Palakkad’s Identity.
There are many uses for various parts of the toddy palm. These listed are among the most common.
+ In Cultural Uses
- In Tamil culture
The Palmyra tree is the official tree of Tamil Nadu. In Tamil culture, it is called karpaha,”Nungu” “celestial tree”, and is highly respected because all its parts can be used. The recently germinated seeds have formed fleshy sprouts below the surface which can be boiled and eaten as a fibrous, nutritious food. The germinated seed’s hard shell is also cut open to take out the crunchy kernel which tastes like a water chestnut but is sweeter. The ripe fibrous outer layer of the fruits is edible after boiling or roasting. When the fruit is tender, the kernel inside the hard shell is an edible jelly that is refreshing and rich in minerals. When the crown of the tree from which the leaves sprout is cut we get an edible cake. In ancient times, dried palm leaves were used to write manuscripts.
- In Palakkad, Kerala (India)
Palakkad District of Kerala State is popularly known as land of Palmyra trees.Palmyra trees are known as the Icon of this district and has got vast cultural, heritage & literary association. Many novels, stories and poems revolve around these trees. The path-breaking Malayalam novel written by the Indian writer O. V. Vijayan, ‘Khasakkinte Itihasam’ mentions Palmyra trees in various angles. Many people, especially in eastern Palakkad live on earnings by tapping Pamyra Toddy, which are sold in outlets controlled by Co-op Societies.The district authorities are taking the very action to preserve these trees & maintain Palakkad’s Identity.
+ Cultural symbolism
- The palmyra tree is the official tree of Tamil Nadu. Highly respected in Tamil culture, it is called "karpaha Veruksham" ("celestial tree") because all its parts have a use. Panaiveriyamman, named after panai, the Tamil name for the Palmyra palm, is an ancient tree deity related to fertility linked to this palm. This deity is also known as Taalavaasini, a name that further relates her to all types of palms.
In Cambodia, the tree is a national floral symbol/emblem that is seen growing around Angkor Wat.
- The Asian palmyra palm is a symbol of Cambodia where it is a very common palm, found all over the country. It also grows near the Angkor Wat temple.
- In Indonesia the Palmyra tree is the symbol of South Sulawesi province.
- The toddy palm is also common in Thailand, especially in the northeast or Isaan area, where it is a prevailing part of the landscape.
- This plant has captured the imagination of Bengalis, especially in the words of Rabindranth Tagore whose nursery rhyme 'Taal Gaach ek Paye daariye', literally Tall tree standing on a single leg...) in Sahaj Path is a staple reading material in most schools in West Bengal & Bangladesh.
- The palmyra tree is the official tree of Tamil Nadu. Highly respected in Tamil culture, it is called "karpaha Veruksham" ("celestial tree") because all its parts have a use. Panaiveriyamman, named after panai, the Tamil name for the Palmyra palm, is an ancient tree deity related to fertility linked to this palm. This deity is also known as Taalavaasini, a name that further relates her to all types of palms.
In Cambodia, the tree is a national floral symbol/emblem that is seen growing around Angkor Wat.
- The Asian palmyra palm is a symbol of Cambodia where it is a very common palm, found all over the country. It also grows near the Angkor Wat temple.
- In Indonesia the Palmyra tree is the symbol of South Sulawesi province.
- The toddy palm is also common in Thailand, especially in the northeast or Isaan area, where it is a prevailing part of the landscape.
- This plant has captured the imagination of Bengalis, especially in the words of Rabindranth Tagore whose nursery rhyme 'Taal Gaach ek Paye daariye', literally Tall tree standing on a single leg...) in Sahaj Path is a staple reading material in most schools in West Bengal & Bangladesh.
+ Ornamental trees
Borassus flabellifer has a growth pattern, very large size, and clean habits that make it an attractive ornamental tree, cultivated for planting in gardens and parks as landscape palm species.
+ Trunks
The stalks are used to make fences and also produce a strong, wiry fiber suitable for cordage and brushes.
The black timber is hard, heavy, and durable and highly valued for construction, especially in structures exposed to water, such as wharves, fences and boats.
In Cambodia, the trunks are also used to make canoes.
+ Leaves
The Borassus flabellifer leaves are used for thatching, mats, baskets, fans, hats, umbrellas, and as writing material.
All the literature of the old Tamil was written in preserved Palm leaves also known as Palm-leaf manuscript.
In Tamil Yaedu or Olai chuvadi. It was written with a sharpened iron piece called an Eluthani in Tamil. Most of the ancient literature in Telugu are written on palm leaves (Tala patra grandhas).
The stem of the leaves has thorny edges (called "karukku" in Tamil). Fences can be prepared from these stems by nailing them together.
The skin of the stem can be peeled off and be used as rope and also used to weave into cots (in Tamil).
In the eastern part of India, the leaves are used to make hand fans. These are mostly used during the summer in parts of Assam and West Bengal.
Borassus flabellifer has a growth pattern, very large size, and clean habits that make it an attractive ornamental tree, cultivated for planting in gardens and parks as landscape palm species.
+ Trunks
The stalks are used to make fences and also produce a strong, wiry fiber suitable for cordage and brushes.
The black timber is hard, heavy, and durable and highly valued for construction, especially in structures exposed to water, such as wharves, fences and boats.
In Cambodia, the trunks are also used to make canoes.
+ Leaves
The Borassus flabellifer leaves are used for thatching, mats, baskets, fans, hats, umbrellas, and as writing material.
All the literature of the old Tamil was written in preserved Palm leaves also known as Palm-leaf manuscript.
In Tamil Yaedu or Olai chuvadi. It was written with a sharpened iron piece called an Eluthani in Tamil. Most of the ancient literature in Telugu are written on palm leaves (Tala patra grandhas).
The stem of the leaves has thorny edges (called "karukku" in Tamil). Fences can be prepared from these stems by nailing them together.
The skin of the stem can be peeled off and be used as rope and also used to weave into cots (in Tamil).
In the eastern part of India, the leaves are used to make hand fans. These are mostly used during the summer in parts of Assam and West Bengal.
+ Writting material
In Indonesia the leaves were used in the ancient culture as paper, known as "lontar".
In ancient India and Indonesia, Palmyra leaves were used as writing paper, with their parallel veins providing a useful rule.
In India, mature leaves of suitable size, shape and texture were chosen and preserved by boiling in salt water with turmeric powder. Once dry enough, the leaf surfaces were polished with pumice, cut to the proper size and a hole was cut in one corner. Each leaf has four pages and a stylus is used to write; the style is cursive and interconnected. Completed leaves are then tied up as sheaves.
In Indonesia the leaves were used in the ancient culture as paper, known as "lontar".
In ancient India and Indonesia, Palmyra leaves were used as writing paper, with their parallel veins providing a useful rule.
In India, mature leaves of suitable size, shape and texture were chosen and preserved by boiling in salt water with turmeric powder. Once dry enough, the leaf surfaces were polished with pumice, cut to the proper size and a hole was cut in one corner. Each leaf has four pages and a stylus is used to write; the style is cursive and interconnected. Completed leaves are then tied up as sheaves.
+ Others
- Ripe toddy fruit is cut into pieces and fed to cattle.
- Half shell of palm seed is used as cup to spoon out of oil or water called toddy palm seed ladle.
- Charcoal (product derived from toddy seeds) is used to relieve stomach ailments.
- Green spikes are used for making fans, toys, and necklaces.
- Palm teat cheroot can be made from toddy-udder.
- Ripe toddy fruit is cut into pieces and fed to cattle.
- Half shell of palm seed is used as cup to spoon out of oil or water called toddy palm seed ladle.
- Charcoal (product derived from toddy seeds) is used to relieve stomach ailments.
- Green spikes are used for making fans, toys, and necklaces.
- Palm teat cheroot can be made from toddy-udder.
See Video about: Toddy Palm - Weird Fruit Explorer in Malysia Ep.
See Video about: Toddy Palm Fruit Recipe | Asian Palmyra Palm Fruit Juice Recipe | Sweet Dishes From Ripe Palm Fruit