THE WORLDWIDE FRUITS
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    • ORDER ARECALES >
      • FAMILY ARECACEAE >
        • SUBFAMILY ARECOIDEAE >
          • Tribe Areceae >
            • Subtribe Arecinae >
              • Genus Areca >
                • Areca catechu - Petel nut palm
                • For Copy
            • Subtribe Euterpeinae >
              • Genus Euterpe >
                • Euterpe oleracea
                • Euterpe precatoria
            • Subtribe Iquanurinae
            • Subtribe Ptychospermatinae
            • Subtribe Roystoneinae
          • Tribe Caryoteae >
            • Genus Arenga >
              • Arenga pinnata - Sugar palm
          • Tribe Cocoeae >
            • Genus Cocos >
              • Cocos nucifera (Coconut palm)
            • Genus Elaeis >
              • Elaeis quineensis - Oil palm tree
        • SUBFAMILY CALAMOIDEAE >
          • Tribe Calameae >
            • Genus Salacca >
              • Salacca wallichiana - Rakum palm
              • Salacca zalacca - Salak
        • SUBFAMILY CEROXYLOIDEAE >
          • Genus Phytelephas >
            • Phytelephas aequatorialis
            • Phytelephas macrocarpa
        • SUBFAMILY CORYPHOIDEAE >
          • Tribe Borasseae >
            • Genus Borassus >
              • Borassus flabellifer (Toddy palm)
            • Genus Lodoicea >
              • Lodoicea maldivica (Double coconut)
          • Tribe Phoeniceae >
            • Genus Phoenix >
              • Phoenix dactylifera (Date palm)
              • Phoenix reclinata (Senrgal date palm)
              • Phoenix sylvestris (Indian date palm)
        • SUBFAMILY NYPOIDEAE >
          • Genus Nypa >
            • Nypa fruticans (Nipa palm)
    • ORDER BRASSICALES >
      • FAMILY CAPPARACEAE >
        • Genus Capparis >
          • Capparis spinosa - Caper berry
        • Genus Crateva >
          • Crateva adansonii
          • Crateva religiosa - Garlic pear
      • FAMILY CARICACEAE >
        • Genus Carica >
          • Carica papaya - Papaya
        • Genus Jacaratia
        • Genus Vasconcellea >
          • Vasconcellea candicans - Mito tree
          • Vasconcellea goudotiana
          • Vasconcellea monoica
          • Vasconcellea pubescens - Mountain papaya
          • Vasconcellea querciflora
          • Vasconcellea x heilbornii - Babaco tree
    • ORDER CARYPHYLLALES >
      • FAMILY CACTACEAE >
        • SUBFAMILY CACTOIDEAE >
          • Tribe Cacteae
          • Tribe Cereeae >
            • Genus Cereus >
              • Cereus hildmannianus
              • Cereus jamacaru
              • Cereus repandus
          • Tribe Helocereeae >
            • Genus Hylocereus >
              • Hylocereus costaricensis (Red-fleshed Pitahaya)
              • Hylocereus indatus (Pitahaya or Dragon fruit)
              • Hylocereus megalanthus (Yellow pitahaya)
        • SUBFAMILY OPUNTIEAE >
          • Tribe Opuntieae >
            • Genus Opuntia >
              • Opuntia ficus-indica (Prickly pear)
              • Opuntia matudae (Xoconostle cactus)
        • SUBFAMILY PERESKIOIDEAE >
          • Genus Pereskia >
            • Pereskia aculeata
            • Pereskia bleo - Rose cactus
    • ORDER CUCURBITALES >
      • FAMILY CUCURBITACEAE >
        • SUBFAMILY CUCURBITOIDEAE >
          • Tribe Benincaseae >
            • Subtribe Benincasinae >
              • Genus Acanthosicyos >
                • Acanthosicyos horridus - Nara melon
                • Acathosicyos naudinianus - Gemsbok cucumber
              • Genus Benincasa >
                • Benincasa hispida - Winter melon
              • Genus Coccinia >
                • Coccinia grandis - Ivy gourd
              • Genus Cucumis >
                • Cucumis anguria - Maroon cucumber
                • Cucumis dipsaceus - Wild Spiny Cucumber
                • Cucumis melo - Muskmelon >
                  • Cantaloupe
                • Cucumis humofructus - Aadvark cucumber
                • Cucumis metuliferus - Horned melon
                • Cucumis myriocarpus - Gooseberry cucumber
                • Cucumis prophetarum - Paddy melon
                • Cucumis sativus (Cucumber) >
                  • Lemon Cucumber
              • Genus Citrullus >
                • Citrullus caffer - Citron melon
                • Citrullus colocynthis - Desert gourd
                • Citrullus ecirrhosus - Tsamma melon
                • Citrullus lanatus - Watermelon
              • Genus Lagenaria >
                • Lagennaria siceraria - Bottle gourd
            • Subtribe Luffinae >
              • Subtribe Cucumerinae
          • Tribe Cucurbiteae >
            • Genus Abobra >
              • Abobra tenuifolia - Cranberry gourd
            • Genus Cucurbita >
              • Cucurbita argyrosperma - Cushaw pumpkin
              • Cucurbita ficifolia - Figleaf gourd
              • Cucurbita foetidissima - Buffalo gourd
              • Cucurbita maxima - Giant pumpkin
              • Cucurbita moschata - Butternut squash
              • Cucurbita okeechobeensis
              • Cucurbita pepo - Field pumpkin
            • Genus Sicana >
              • New Page
              • Acorn Squash
          • Tribe Joliffieae >
            • Genus Siraitia >
              • Siraitia grosvenorii (Luo han guo or Monk fruit)
            • Genus Telfairia
          • Tribe Momordiceae >
            • Genus Momordica >
              • Momordica charantia - Bitter melon
              • Momordica cochinchinensis - Gac
              • Momordica dioica - Spine Gourd
          • Tribe Sicyoeae >
            • Genus Cyclanthera >
              • Cyclanthera explodens
              • Cyclanthera pedata - Achocha gourd
            • Genus Frantzia
            • Genus Hodgsonia
            • Genus Luffa >
              • Luffa accutangula (Angled luffa)
              • Luffa Aegyptiaca (Smooth luffa)
            • Genus Marah
            • Genus Sechium - Chayota genus >
              • Sechium edule - Chayote
            • Genus Trichosanthes >
              • Trichosanthes cucumerina - Snake gourd
          • Tribe Siraitieae >
            • Genus Siraitia >
              • Siraitia grosvenorii - Monk fruit
    • ORDER ERICALES >
      • FAMILY ACTINIDIACEAE >
        • Genus Actinidia >
          • Actinidia arguta - Hardy kiwifruit
          • Actinidia chinensis - Golden kiwi)fruit
          • Actinidia diliciosa - Kiwi fruit
          • Actinidia kolomikta - Arctic kiwifruit
          • Actinidia melanandra - Red kiwifruit
          • Actinidia polygama - Silver vine
      • FAMILY EBENACEAE >
        • Genus Diospyros >
          • Diospyros blancoi - Velvet persimmon
          • Diospyros decandra - Gold apple
          • Diospyros kaki - Asian Persimmon
          • Diospyros lotus - Lilac persimmon
          • Diospyros nigra - Black sapote
          • Diospyros taxana - Texas persimmon
          • Diospyros virginiana (American Persimmon)
      • FAMILY ERICACEAE >
        • SUBFAMILY ARBUTOIDEAE >
          • Genus Arbutus >
            • Arbutus andrachne - Greek strawberry tree
            • Arbutus azizonica
            • Arbutus unedo - Strawberry tree
            • Arbutus xalapensis
          • Genus Artostaphylos
          • Genus Xylococcus >
            • Xylococcus bicolor - Mission mananita
        • SUBFAMILY STYPHELIOIDEAE >
          • Genus Leptecophylla >
            • Leptecophylla juniperina
            • Leptecophylla tameiameiae
          • Genus Styphelia
        • SUBFAMILY VACCINOIDEAE >
          • Tribe Gaultherieae >
            • Genus Gaultheria
          • Tribe Vaccinieae >
            • Genus Gaylussacia >
              • Gaylussacia baccata - Black Huckleberry
              • Gaylussacia branchycera (Box Huckleberry)
              • Gaylussacia dumosa (Dwarf Huckleberry)
              • Gaylussacia frondosa (Blue Huckleberry)
            • Genus Vaccinium >
              • Bilberry or Whortleberry
              • Blueberry
              • Cranberry
              • Lingonberry or Cowberry
              • Huckleberry
      • FAMILY LECYTHIDACEAE >
        • Genus Bertholletia >
          • Bertholletia excelsa - Brazil nut
        • Genus Couroupita >
          • Couroupita guianensis - Cannonball tree
        • Genus Gustavia >
          • Gustavia superba
        • Genus Lecythis >
          • Lecythis pisonic
          • Lecythis zabucajo
      • FAMILY SAPOTACEAE >
        • SUBFAMILY CHRYSOPHYLLOIDEAE >
          • Genus Chrysophyllum >
            • Chrysophyllum albidum - African star apple
            • Chrysophyllum cainito - Milk fruit
            • Chrysophyllum oliviforme - Wild Star apple
            • Chrysophyllum roxburghii
            • Chrysophyllum magalismontanum
          • Genus Englerophytum >
            • Englerrophytum magalismontanum
            • Englerophytum natalense
          • Genus Synsepalum >
            • Synsepalum dulcificum (Miracle fruit)
          • Genus Pouteria >
            • Pouteria australis
            • Pouteria campechiana - Cannistel
            • Pouteria caimito - Abiu tree
            • Pouteria eerwark
            • Pouteria lucuma - Lucuma
            • Pouteria multiflora - Broad - leaved lucuma
            • Pouteria sandwicensis
            • Pouteria sapota - Mamey sapote
            • Pouteria viridis - Green sapote
        • SUBFAMILY SAPODOIDEAE >
          • Tribe Sapoteae >
            • Genus Manilkara >
              • Manilkara bidentata - Cow tree
              • Manilkara chicle (Chicle)
              • Manilkara hexandra
              • Manilkara huberi
              • Manilkara zopota (Sapodilla)
            • Genus Mimusops >
              • Mimusops caffra
              • Mimusops elengi
              • Mimusops zeyheri
          • Tribe Sideroxyleae >
            • Genus Argania >
              • Argania spinosa
    • ORDER FABALES >
      • FAMILY FABACEAE >
        • SUBFAMILY CAESALPINIOIDEAE >
          • Genus Pithecellobium >
            • Pithecellobium dulce
        • SUBFAMILY DETARIOIDEAE >
          • Genus Tamarindus - Tamarind genus >
            • Tamarindus indica - Tamarind
        • SUBFAMILY DIALIOIDEAE >
          • Genus Dialium >
            • Dialium cochinchinense
            • Dialium guineense - Black velvet tamarind
            • Dialium indum - Tamarin plum
        • SUBFAMILY FABOIDEAE >
          • Tribe Dalbergieae >
            • Genus Arachis - Peanut genus >
              • Arachis hypogaea - Peanut
          • Tribe Fabeae >
            • Genus Lathyrus - Peavine genus
            • Genus Pisum >
              • Pisum sativum - Pea
            • Genus Vicia >
              • Vicia faba - Broad bean
          • Tribe Phaseoleae >
            • Subtribe Cajaninae >
              • Genus Cajanus - Pigeon pea genus >
                • Cajanus cajan - Pigeon pea
            • Subtribe Glycininae >
              • Genus Glycine >
                • Glycine max
            • Subtribe Phaseolinae >
              • Genus Psophocarpus - Winged bean genus >
                • Psophocarpus tetragonolobus - Winged bean
    • ORDER LAMIALES >
      • FAMILY OLEACEAE >
        • Tribe Oleeae >
          • Genus Olea >
            • Olea europaea - Olive
      • FAMILY PEDALIACEAE >
        • Genus Sesamum >
          • Sesamum indicum - Sesame
          • Genus Couroupita
    • ORDER LAURALES >
      • FAMILY LAURACEAE >
        • Genus Persea >
          • Persea americana (Avocado)
    • ORDER MAGNOLIALES >
      • FAMILY ANNONACEAE >
        • Genus Annona >
          • Annona x atemoya - Atenmoya
          • Annona cherimola - Cherimoya
          • Annona chrysophylia - Graines
          • Annona crassiflora - Marrolo
          • Annona diversiflora - Ilama
          • Annona glabra - Pond apple
          • Annona montana - Mountain soursop
          • Annona muricata - Soursop
          • Annona purpurea - Soncoya
          • Annona reticulata - Custard apple
          • Annona sebegalensis - African custard apple
          • Annona squamosa - Sweetsop
        • Genus Anonidium >
          • Anonidium mannii - Junglesop
        • Genus Asimina >
          • Asimina triloba - Common pawpaw
        • Genus Monodora >
          • Monodora myristica - Calabash nutmeg
        • Genus Rollinia >
          • Rollinia deliciosa - Wild sugar apple
        • Genus Uvaria >
          • Uvaria chamae
          • Uvaria ovata
          • Uvaria rufa
      • FAMILY MYRRISTICACEAE >
        • Genus Myristica >
          • Myristica fragrans - True nutmeg
          • Myristica malabarica - Bombay nutmeg
        • Genus Pycnanthus
    • ORDER MALPIGHIALES >
      • FAMILY CALOPHYLLACEAE >
        • Genus Mammea >
          • Mammea africana - African mamey apple
          • Mammea americana - Mamey apple
      • FAMILY CLUSIACEAE >
        • SUBFAMILY CLUSIOIDEAE >
          • Tribe Garcinieae >
            • Genus Garcinia >
              • Garcinia dulcis - Mundu tree
              • Garcinia humilis - Achacha tree
              • Garcinia gardneriana - Bacupari
              • Garcinia indica - Kokum tree
              • Garcinia intermedia - Lemon drop mangosteen
              • Garcinia mangostana - Mangosteen
          • Tribe Platonieae >
            • Genus Platonia - Bacury genus >
              • Platonia insignis - Bacuri tree
          • Tribe Plukenetieae
        • SUBFAMILY HYPERICOIDEAE >
          • Tribe Calophylleae >
            • Genus Mammea
      • FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE >
        • SUBFAMILY ACALYPHOIDEAE >
          • Tribe Acalypheae >
            • Genus Ricinus >
              • Ricinus communis
          • Tribe Plukenetieae >
            • Genus Plukenetia >
              • Plukenetia conophora
              • Plukenetia volubitis
        • SUBFAMILY CROTONOIDEAE >
          • Tribe Aleuritideae >
            • Genus Aleurites
          • Tribe Manitroteae >
            • Genus Manihot
          • Tribe Micrandreae >
            • Genus Schinziophyton
      • FAMILY MALPIGHIACEAE >
        • Genus Bunchosia >
          • Bunchosia argentea
          • Bunchosia armeniaca >
            • FAMILY GOMORTEGACEAE >
              • Genus Gomortega >
                • Gomortega keule
        • Genus Byrsonima >
          • Byrsonima crassifolia - Nance fruit
        • Genus Malpighia >
          • Malpighia emarginata (West Indian cherry)
      • FAMILY PHYLLANTHACEAE >
        • SUBFAMILY ANTIDESMATOIDEAE >
          • Tribe Antidesmeae >
            • Genus Antidesma >
              • Antidesma bunius
          • Tribe Scepinae >
            • Genus Baccaurea
        • SUBFAMILY PHYLLANTHOIDEAE >
          • Tribe Phyllantheae >
            • Genus Phyllanthus >
              • Phyllanthus acidus (Star gooseberry)
              • Phyllanthus emblica (Indian gooseberry)
    • ORDER MALVALES >
      • FAMILY BIXACEAE >
        • Genus Bixa >
          • Bixa orellana
      • FAMILY MALVACEAE >
        • SUBFAMILY BOMBACOIDEAE >
          • Genus Adansona - Baobab genus >
            • Adansonia digitata - Baobab
            • Adansonia grandidieri - Giant baobab
            • Andansonia gregorii - Australian baobab
          • Genus Quararibea >
            • Quararibea cordata - South American Sapote
        • SUBFAMILY BYTTNEROIDEAE >
          • Genus Theobroma >
            • Theobroma bicolor (Mocambo)
            • Theobroma cacao (Cacao tree)
            • Theobroma granddiflorum - Cupuacu tree
        • SUBFAMILY HELICTEROIDEAE >
          • Tribe Durionneae >
            • Genus Durio L. >
              • Durio dulcis (Red Durian)
              • Durio kutejensis - Durian pulu
              • Durio zibethinus (Durian)
              • Durio graveolens - Red fleshed durian
        • SUBFAMILY MALVOIDEAE >
          • Tribe Hibisceae >
            • Genus Abelmoschus >
              • Abelmoschus caillei - West African okra
              • Abelmoschus esculentus - Okra
        • SUBFAMILY STERCULIOIDEAE >
          • Genus Cola >
            • Cola acuminata
            • Cola nilida
          • Genus Sterculia
      • FAMILY MUNTINGIACEAE >
        • Genus Muntingia >
          • Muntingia calabura (Jamaica cherry)
    • ORDER MYRTALES >
      • FAMILY LYTHRACEAE >
        • SUBFAMILY PUNICOIDEAE >
          • Genus Punica >
            • Runica granatum (Pomegranate)
            • Punica protopunica (Socotran pomegranate)
        • SUBFAMILY SONNERATIOIDEAE >
          • Genus Sonneratia >
            • Sonneratia alba
            • Sonneratia caseolaris
            • Sonneratia hainanensis
            • Sonneratia ovata
        • SUBFAMILY TRAPOIDEAE >
          • Genus Trapa >
            • Trapa natan - Water caltrop
      • FAMILY MYRTACEAE >
        • SUBFAMILY MYRTOIDEAE >
          • Tribe Myrteae >
            • Genus Acca >
              • Acca sellowiana
            • Genus Amomyrtus
            • Genus Austromyrtus
            • Genus Eugenia
            • Genus Hexachlamys
            • Genus Luma >
              • Luma apiculata
              • Luma chequen
            • Genus Myrtus
            • Genus Plinia
            • Genus Psidium >
              • Psidium cattleyanum (Cherry Guava)
              • Psidium guajava (Guava)
            • Genus Rhodomyrtus
            • Genus Ugni
          • Tribe Syzygieae >
            • Genus Syzygium >
              • Syzygium jambos
              • Syzygium oleosum
              • Syzygium paniculatum
              • Syzygium papyraceum
              • Syzygium samarangense (Java apple)
              • Syzygium smithii
              • New Page
    • ORDER ROSALES >
      • FAMILY CANNABACEAE >
        • Genus Celtis >
          • Celtis occidentalis
          • Celtis sinensis
      • FAMILY ELAEAGNACEAE >
        • Genus Elaeagnus >
          • Elaegnus angustifola - Russian olive
          • Elaeagnus multiflora - Cherry silverberry
        • Genus Hippophae >
          • Hippophae rhamnoides - Sea buckthorn
        • Genus Shepherdia >
          • Shepherdia argentea - Silver buffaloberry
          • Shepherdia canadensis - Canadian buffalberry
      • FAMILY MORACEAE >
        • Tribe Artocarpeae >
          • Genus Artocarpus >
            • Artocarpus altilis (Breadfruit)
            • Artocarpus camansi - Breadnut
            • Artocarpus integer (Cempedak)
            • Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit)
          • Genus Treculia >
            • Treculia africana (African breadfruit)
        • Tribe Dorstenieae >
          • Genus Brosimum - Breadnut genus >
            • Brosimum alicastrum - Breadnut
        • Tribe Durioneae >
          • Genus Durio >
            • Durio zibethinus (Durian)
        • Tribe Ficeae >
          • Genus Ficus >
            • Ficus carica - Common fig
            • Ficus coronata - Creek sandpeper fig
            • Ficus platypoda - Desert fig
            • Ficus racemosa - Cluster fig
        • Tribe Moceae >
          • Genus Maclura >
            • Maclura cochinchinensis - Cockpur thorn
            • Maclura pomifera - Osage orange
          • Genus Morus >
            • Morus nigra - Black mulberry
            • Morus rubra - Red mulberry
      • FAMILY RHAMNACEAE >
        • Genus Ziziphus >
          • Ziziphus jujuba
          • Ziziphus lotus
          • Ziziphus mauritiana
          • Ziziphus mistol
          • Ziziphus mucronata
          • Ziziphus nummularia
      • FAMILY ROSACEAE >
        • SUBFAMILY AMYGDALOIDEAE >
          • Tribe Amygdaleae >
            • Genus Prunus >
              • Subgenus Amygdalus - Almond and Peach >
                • Prunus dulcis - Almond
                • Prunus persica - Peach
              • Subgenus Cerasus - Cherry tree >
                • Prunus avium (Sweet cherry)
                • Prunus cerasus (Sourc cherry)
              • Subgenus Prunus - Apricot and Plum >
                • Section Armeniaca - Apricot trees
                • Plum trees
              • Subgenus laurocerasus - Cherry laurel
              • Subgenus Lithocerasus
              • Subgenus Padus - Bird cherry
          • Tribe Maleae >
            • Subtribe Malinae >
              • Genus Cydonia >
                • Cydonia oblonga (Quince)
              • Genus Eriobotrya >
                • Eriobotrya japonica (Loquat)
              • Genus Malus >
                • Malus domestica - Apple tree
                • Malus sylvestris - European Wild apple
                • Malus pumila (Apple tree)
              • Genus Pyrus >
                • Pyrus communis - European pear
                • Pyrus pyrifolia - Asian pear
                • Pyrus x bretschneideri - Chinese white pear
              • Genus Sorbus >
                • Sorbus subgenus Aria
                • Sorbus subgenus Chamaemespilus
                • Sorbus subgenus Cormus
                • Sorbus subgenus Micromeles
                • Sorbus subgenus Sorbus
                • Sorbus subgenus Torminaria
        • SUBFAMILY ROSOIDEAE >
          • Tribe Rubeae >
            • Genus Prunus
            • Genus Rubus >
              • Rubus fruticosus (Blackberry)
              • Rubus x loganobaccus (Loganberry)
            • Genus Eriobotrya
          • Tribe Potentilleae >
            • Genus Fragaria >
              • Fragaria x ananassa (Straw berry)
              • Fragaria virginiana (Virgina strawberry)
              • Fragaria moschata - Musk strawberry
    • ORDER SAPINDALES >
      • FAMILY ANACARDIACEAE >
        • SUBFAMILY ANACARDIOIDEAE >
          • Genus Anacardium >
            • Anacardium occidentale (Cashew tree)
            • Anacardium othonianum (Little cashew)
          • Genus Bouea
          • Genus Mangifera - Mango genus >
            • Mangifera indica - Mango tree
            • Mangifera odorata - Saipan Mango
            • Mangifera siamensis - Thai Mango
            • Mangifera sylvatica - Nepal Mango
          • Genus Rhus >
            • Rhus ovata - Sugar sumac
            • Rhus typhina - Staghorn sumac
        • SUBFAMILY SPONDIOIDEAE >
          • Genus Dracontomelon >
            • Dracontomelon duperreanum (Vietnamese: Sau)
          • Genus Spondias >
            • Spondias dulcis (Golden apple)
            • Spondias mombin (Yellow mommbin)
            • Spondias purpurea - Purple mombin
            • Spondias tuberosa (Brazil plum)
      • FAMILY BURSERACEAE >
        • Genus Canarium >
          • Canarium album
          • Canarium luzonicum
          • Canarium ovatum
          • Canarium pseudodecumanum
        • Genus Dacryodes >
          • Dacryodes edulis - Safou tree
      • FAMILY MELIACEAE >
        • Genus Lansium >
          • Lansium parasiticum - Langsat tree
        • Genus Sandoricum >
          • Sandoricum koetiape - Santol fruit
      • FAMILY RUTACEAE >
        • SUBFAMILY AURANTIOIDEAE >
          • Tribe Citreae >
            • Subtribe Balamocitrinae >
              • Genus Aegle - Bael genus
            • Subtribe Citrinae >
              • Genus Citrus >
                • Important Species >
                  • Citrus maxima (Pomelo)
                  • Citrus medica (Citron)
                  • Citrus reticulata - Mandarin
                  • Citrus tangerina (Tangerine)
                • Important Hybrids >
                  • Citrus x sinensis (Sweet orange)
                  • Citrus reticula x sinensis (King orange)
              • Genus Fortunella
            • FAMILY VITACEAE >
              • Genus Cayratia >
                • Cayralia trifola (Vietnamese wild grape)
              • Genus Vitis >
                • Vitis labrusca (Fox grape vine)
                • Vitis vinifera (Common grape vine)
            • Subtribe Triphasiinae
          • Tribe Clauseneae >
            • Genus Glycosmis
        • SUBFAMILY TODDALIOIDEAE >
          • Genus Casimiroa >
            • Casimiroa edulis - White sapote
      • FAMILY SAPINDACEAE >
        • SUBFAMILY HIPPOCASTANOIDEAE >
          • Genus Aesculus - Horse chestnut genus >
            • Aesculus hippocastanum - Horse chestnut
        • SUBFAMILY SAPINDOIDEAE >
          • Genus Blighia >
            • Blighia sapida (Ackee)
          • Genus Diploglottis >
            • Diploglottis australis - Australian tamarin
          • Genus Dimocarpus >
            • Dimocarpus longan (Longan tree)
          • Genus Litchi >
            • Litchi chinensis (Lychee)
          • Genus Melicoccus >
            • Melicoccus bijugatus - Spanish lime
          • Genus Nephelium >
            • Nephelium hypoleucum (Korlan tree)
            • Nephelium malabile (Pulasan tree)
            • Nephelium lappaceum (Rambutan)
            • Nephelium xerospermoides (Hairless Rambutan)
          • Genus Paullinia >
            • Paullinia cupana - Guarana tree
          • Genus Talisia >
            • Talisia esculenta
        • SUBFAMILY XANTHOCEROIDEAE >
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  • ABOUT FRUITS
  • Types of Fruits

Genus Bertholletia

Bertholletia excelsa
​Brazil nut tree

Edited by Ho Dinh Hai
Long An - Vietnam
​Updated: 19/01/2019

1- Introduction to the Species Bertholletia excelsa - Brazil nut tree

              1.1- Scientific classification
               Kingdom:      Plantae
              (unranked):    Angiosperms
              (unranked):    Eudicots
              (unranked):    Asterids
               Order:           Ericales
               Family:          Lecythidaceae
               Genus:          Bertholletia Bonpl.
               Species:        Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl.
              1.2- The Species Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl. - Brazil nut tree
              + Overview
           Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl.) is an Amazonian plant that prefers nonflooded forest (terra firma) in the Guianas, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil. 
          The Brazil nut tree is the only species in the monotypic genus Bertholletia. It is native to the Guianas, Venezuela, Brazil, eastern  Colombia, eastern Peru, and eastern Bolivia. It occurs as scattered trees in large forests on the banks of the Amazon River, Rio Negro, Tapajós, and the Orinoco. The genus is named after the French chemist Claude Louis Berthollet.
             + The names
             - Scientific name: Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl.
             - English names: Brazil nut
            Despite their name, the most significant exporter of Brazil nuts is not Brazil but Bolivia, where they are called nuez de Brasil. In Brazil, these nuts are called castanhas-do-pará  (literally "chestnuts from Pará"), but Acreans call them castanhas-do-acre instead.  Indigenous names include juvia in the Orinoco area. In Cuba, the nut is alternatively called  coquito de Santiago, literally St. James coconut.
           Though it is commonly called the Brazil nut, in botanical terms it is the seed from the fruit of this tree. To a botanist, a nut is a hard-shelled indehiscent fruit. (An example of a botanical nut would be an acorn or a hazelnut.)
             In North America, Brazil nuts are sometimes known by the epithet "nigger toes," though the term has fallen out of favor as public use of the racial slur became increasingly unacceptable by the 1960s.
Picture
Brazil nut map

2- Characteristics of the Species Bertholletia exelsa - Brazil nut tree


                 2.1- Description

                 + The plant
              The Brazil nut is a large tree, reaching 50 m (160 ft) tall and with a trunk 1 to 2 m (3.3 to 6.6 ft) in diameter, making it among the largest of trees in the Amazon rainforests. It may live for 500 years or more, and according to some authorities often reaches an age of 1,000 years. 
              The stem is straight and commonly without branches for well over half the tree's height, with a large emergent crown of long branches above the surrounding canopy of other trees. The openly branched crown occurs at or above canopy level and may have a diameter of 20-30 m in an emergent. The bark is grayish and smooth.
              It’s quite a large tree, so the harvest of Brazil nuts is very large. It is a major exported nut from the South American continent, and can now be found throughout the world.
               + The leaves
             The leaves are simple and alternately arranged on the branches. They are dry-season deciduous, alternate, simple, entire or crenate, oblong, 20 - 35 cm (7.9 - 13.8 in) long and 10-15 cm (3.9-5.9 in) broad. 
               + The flowers
             The flowers are born on axillary or terminal spikes, with one or two orders of branching, although it is rare that more than one flower per inflorescence mature into fruit.
             The flowers are small, greenish-white, in panicles 5-10 cm (2.0-3.9 in) long; each flower has a two-parted, deciduous calyx, six unequal cream-colored petals, and numerous  stamens  united into a broad, hood-shaped mass.
             + The fruits
            The fruit has a hard, woody shell 8-12 mm (0.31- 0.47 in) thick, which contains eight to 24 triangular seeds 4-5 cm (1.6 - 2.0 in) long (the "Brazil nuts") packed like the segments of an orange.
            The fruit itself is a large capsule 10 - 15 cm (3.9 - 5.9 in) in diameter, resembling a coconut endocarp in size and weighing up to 2 kg (4.4 lb).
             The capsule contains a small hole at one end, which enables large rodents like the agouti to gnaw it open. They then eat some of the seeds inside while burying others for later use; some of these are able to germinate into new Brazil nut trees.
              Mature Brazil nut trees can produce approximately 300 or more of these fruit pods annually. The fruit takes 14 months to mature after pollination of the flowers. 
              + The seeds
             The seed are about 3.5-5 cm long by 2 cm wide, with a distinctly triangular cross section. Each seed weighs 4-10 g. The Brazil nut is, in fact, a seed rather than a nut, but popular usage continues to prevail.
               2.2- Origin and Distribution
               + Origin
          The Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa) is native to the South American countries, including Guianas, Venezuela, Brazil, eastern  Colombia, eastern Peru, and eastern Bolivia. It occurs as scattered trees in large forests on the banks of the Amazon River, Rio Negro, Tapajós, and the Orinoco. 
              + Distribution
             Today the Brazil nut tree is found in most of Amazônia the adjacent Guaiana highlands and forested lowlands, and the upper Orinoco River basin. In Amazônia it is found in Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, southern Venezuela, southeastern Colombia, eastern Peru and northern Bolivia.
               The Juruá River basin also appears to have had no Amerindian or agouti introduced Brazil nut until recently.
Picture
Brazil nut fruits
Picture
Bertholletia excelsa (Brazil nut fruits)
                2.3- Biological Characteristics
                + Phenology
            Flowering of Bertholletia excelsa occurs during the dry season and into the wet season.  In fact, Brazil nuts grow naturally only in regions with a three-to-five-month dry season (Müller, 1981).  In the eastern part of Amazonian Brazil, flowering begins at the end of the rainy season in September and extends to February.  Peak flowering occurs in October, November, and December (Moritz, 1984).
              Toward the end of the rainy season, generally in July, the leaves of Brazil nut trees begin to fall.  The new growth flushes from directly below the inflorescences of the previous year, and the new inflorescences are produced at the apex of the current growth flush.  Large numbers of flowers are produced daily over a relatively long period.  The flowers open between 4:30 a.m. and 5:00 a.m.  However, the anthers start to dehisce within the bud several hours before the flowers open.  The petals and androecia fall in the afternoon of the day that the flowers open (Mori and Prance, 1990b).
              Fruit development takes longer in Bertholletia excelsa than in any other species of Lecythidaceae.  Moritz (1984) states that 15 months are needed for the fruits to develop after they have been set.  Consequently, Brazil nut fruits fall mostly in January and February, during the rainy season.  Under natural conditions, the seeds take 12 to 18 months to germinate (Müller, 1981). 
                + Pollination Biology
              The flowers of the Brazil nut are zygomorphic, with an androecium that is prolonged on one side into a hood that arches over and is tightly appressed to the summit of the ovary.  In addition, the petals are appressed to the androecium.  Consequently, the flowers can only be entered by large-bodied bees with enough strength to pry open the androecial hood to obtain the pollinator reward that is thought to be nectar produced at the apex of the coiled androecial hood.  Bees of the genera Bombus, Centris, Epicharis, Eulaema, and Xylocopa have been captured visiting Brazil nut trees.  These bees are nonsocial or semi-social and therefore do not lend themselves easily to manipulation by humans, such as is the case with the social bees (for example, Apis, Melipona, and Trigona) that can be used to pollinate certain crops by transporting beehives from one plantation to the next.
              For the most part, cross-pollination is needed for seed set in Neotropical Lecythidaceae.  Therefore, the bees, and to a lesser extent bats, are essential for the pollination and subsequent fruit and seed development of Lecythidaceae.  Although a low level of in-breeding may occur in Bertholletia excelsa, most seed set in this species is the result of cross-pollination.  The development of self-compatible lines of the Brazil nut would facilitate plantation cultivation of this species by eliminating the need for cross-pollination by the difficult to manage bee pollinators.
                Bees outside of the native range of the Brazil nut can effect pollination.  For example, Brazil nut trees in Ceylon, Kuala Lumpur, and Ghana set fruit.  However, it is not known if pollinators outside of the native range of the Brazil nut or "weedy" pollinators found in secondary forests are efficient enough to allow for economically viable fruit production.
                + Plant chemicals
               Brazil nut oil contains mainly palmitic, oleic, and linoleic and alpha linolenic acids and small amounts of myristic and stearic acids and phytosterols. In addition to protein and fat, Brazil nuts provide the highest natural source of selenium. One single Brazil nut exceeds the U.S. Recommended Daily Allowance of selenium. The proteins found in Brazil nuts are very high in sulfur-containing amino acids like cysteine (8%) and methionine (18%) and are also extremely rich in glutamine, glutamic acid, and arginine. The presence of these amino acids (chiefly methionine) enhances the absorption of selenium and other minerals in the nut.
              In addition to the chemicals discussed above, Brazil nuts contain antimony, cerium, cesium, europium, fatty acids, lanthanum, lutetium, samarium, scandium, selenoprotein, tantalum, tungsten, and ytterbium.
                2.4- Nutrition of Brazil nuts
                + Introduction
             Brazil nuts are 14% protein, 12% carbohydrate, and 66% fat by weight; 85% of their calories come from fat, and a 100 g serving provides 656 total calories. The fat components are 23% saturated, 38% monounsaturated, and 32% polyunsaturated. Due to their high polyunsaturated fat content, primarilyomega-6 fatty acids, shelled Brazil nuts may quickly become rancid.
          Nutritionally, Brazil nuts are an excellent source (> 19% of the Daily Value, DV) of dietary fiber (30% DV) and various  vitamins  and dietary minerals. A 100 g serving (75% of one cup) of Brazil nuts contains rich content of thiamin (54% DV), vitamin E (38% DV),  magnesium (106% DV), phosphorus (104% DV), manganese (57% DV) and zinc (43% DV) (right table). Brazil nuts are perhaps the richest dietary source of selenium, with a one-ounce (28 g) serving of 6 nuts supplying 774% DV. This is 10 times the adult U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowance, more even than the Tolerable Upper Intake Level, although the amount of selenium within batches of nuts varies greatly.
             The European Union has imposed strict regulations on the import from Brazil of Brazil nuts in their shells, as the shells have been found to contain high levels of aflatoxins, which can lead to liver cancer.
              Brazil nuts contain small amounts of radium, a radioactive element, in about 1-7 nCi/kg or 40-260 Bq/kg, about 1000 times higher than in several other common foods. According to Oak Ridge Associated Universities, this is not because of elevated levels of radium in the soil, but due to "the very extensive root system of the tree."
            Brazil nuts are a common ingredient in mixed nuts where, because of their large size, they tend to rise to the top, an example of granular convection, which for this reason is often called the "Brazil nut effect."
              + Brazilnuts, raw, Nutritional value per 100 g. 
               See the table below for in depth analysis of nutrients:
               (Source: USDA National Nutrient data base)
                Principle
                Energy
                Carbohydrates
                Protein
                Total Fat
                Dietary Fiber
                Vitamins.......................
                Folates
                Niacin
                Pantothenic acid
                Pyridoxine
                Riboflavin
                Thiamin
                Vitamin C
                Vitamin E-gamma
                Electrolytes...................
                Sodium
                Potassium
                Minerals.........................
                Calcium
                Copper
                Iron
                Magnesium
                Manganese
                Phosphorus
                Selenium
                Zinc
Nutrient Value
659 Kcal
11.74 g
14.32 g
67.10 g
7.5 g
-....................................................
22 mcg
0.295 mg
0.184 mg
0.101 mg
0.035 mg
0.617 mg
0.7 mcg
7.87 mg
-...................................................
2 mg
597 mg
-...................................................
160 mg
1.743 mg
2.43 mg
376 mg
1.223 mg
725 mg
1917 mcg
4.06 mg
​Percentage of RDA
33%
9%
26%
221%
20%
-
5.5%
2%
3.5%
8%
3%
51%
1%
52%
-
0%
13%
-
16%
194%
30%
94%
53%
103%
3485%
36%
               + Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) of  Brazil nuts, dried, unblanched, shelled
                 Energy.....................................................................
                 Carbohydrates
                 Starch
                 Sugars
                 Dietary fiber.............................................................
                 Fat
                 Saturated
                 Monounsaturated
                 Polyunsaturated.....................................................
                 Protein
                 Tryptophan
                 Threonine
                 Isoleucine...............................................................
                 Leucine
                 Lysine
                 Methionine
                 Cystine..................................................................
                 Phenylalanine
                 Tyrosine
                 Valine
                 Arginine.................................................................
                 Histidine
                 Alanine
                 Aspartic acid
                 Glutamic acid.........................................................
                 Glycine
                 Proline
                 Serine
                 Vitamins............................................................
                 Thiamine (B1)
                 Riboflavin (B2)
                 Niacin (B3)
                 Vitamin B6.........................................................
                 Folate (B9)
                 Vitamin C
                 Vitamin E
                 Minerals............................................................
                 Calcium
                 Iron
                 Magnesium
                 Manganese........................................................
                 Phosphorus
                 Potassium
                 Sodium
                 Zinc
                 Other constituents........................................
                 Water
                 Selenium
                 Beta-Sitostero
​2,743 kJ (656 kcal)
12.27 g
0.25 g
2.33 g
7.5 g
66.43 g
15.137 g
24.548 g
20.577 g
14.32 g
0.141 g
0.362 g
0.516 g
1.155 g
0.492 g
1.008 g
0.367 g
0.630 g
0.420 g
0.756 g
2.148 g
0.386 g
0.577 g
1.346 g
3.147 g
0.718 g
0.657 g
0.683 g
:
0.617 mg (54%)
0.035 mg (3%)
0.295 mg (2%)
0.101 mg (8%)
22 μg (6%)
0.7 mg (1%)
5.73 mg (38%)
:
160 mg (16%)
2.43 mg (19%)
376 mg (106%)
1.2 mg (57%)
725 mg (104%)
659 mg (14%)
3 mg (0%)
4.06 mg (43%)
:
3.48 g
1917 μg
64 mg
               Note!
              + Units: μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams * IU = International units.
              + Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
               Source: USDA Nutrient Database - Link to USDA Database entry
                  2.5- Health Benefits of Brazil nuts
                  + Introduction
                 With the scientific name of Bertholletia excelsa, Brazil nuts are a nutrient-dense and delicious type of nut that comes from a tree in South America that bears the same name.
            Brazil nut trees almost exclusively produce fruit in undisturbed forests and these plants are somewhat fragile, so with Brazil nut numbers   decreasing, prices may begin to rise in the coming years. With an impressive mineral and vitamin profile, not to mention essential  proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and fiber, Brazil nuts are a “complete package” type of food, particularly due to its unusually high  selenium  content. Brazil nuts can either be eaten in whole form or their essential oil can be extracted and used for more direct remedies. It is important to eat shelled Brazil nuts quickly, as the high content of fat makes these nut varieties go badly quite quickly. The extracted oil, however, can remain viable for months when properly extracted and used for many of the following health benefits of Brazil nuts.
               + The nine Health Benefits Of Brazil nuts
                1- Heart Health: 
           One of the most controversial and beneficial aspects of Brazil nuts is their surprisingly high content of healthy unsaturated fats, otherwise   known as “good” forms of cholesterol or omega-3 fatty acids. This includes oleic acid and palmitoleic acid. These varieties of unsaturated fats have been connected with balancing the cholesterol profile of the body and improving general heart health, mainly by eliminating dangerous omega-6 fatty acids from the body and cardiovascular system. This health cholesterol balance can help to prevent  atherosclerosis, heart attacks, and strokes. However, brazil nuts still contain the highest content of dangerous saturated fats, so be careful not to overdue, as Brazil nuts are also high in calories. Six average-sized nuts is actually the recommended serving size for this beneficial snack.
                 2- Skin Health: 
               The comprehensive profile of vitamins and nutrients in Brazil nuts make it particularly good for protecting skin health. The selenium in Brazil nuts, which is often the most praised aspect of this nut, is great for giving the skin a healthy glow and improves the elasticity of the skin, thereby preventing premature aging. This is possible because selenium stimulates the activity of glutathione, a powerful antioxidant compound that can remove free radicals from the skin cells that cause wrinkles and even skin cancer.
                3- Acne Treatment: 
              Although this falls under the category of “skin health”, the high zinc content in Brazil nuts has been shown to protect against acne or lessen its appearance. This can be achieved through normal consumption of the nuts or by application of Brazil nut oil on the affected area. The rich vitamin and antioxidant content of the oil is the main cause behind this protective quality.
                4- Weight Loss: 
              The high fiber concentration, overall nutrient density, proteins, and complex carbohydrates that are in each and every Brazil nut makes it quite filling, meaning that you are less inclined to snack incessantly and tack on those extra calories with unhealthy snacks. However, again, one ounce of Brazil nuts contains nearly 200 calories, so be careful about your intake, but moderate consumption can really boost weight loss efforts.
                5- Digestive System: 
            The fiber content of Brazil nuts also makes them great for tuning up  your digestive system. Fiber facilitates peristaltic motion in the gastrointestinal system, moving food through the body and extracting as many nutrients as possible. This can also help you prevent gastric ulcers, constipation, bloating, cramps, and more serious conditions like colon cancer. This can also increase energy levels and improve weight loss by keeping your system clean and running smoothly.
                6- Hormone Function: 
            Selenium plays a major role in the proper functioning of your thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is where some of the most essential hormones in the body are produced, distributed, and regulated from. By ensuring proper functioning of your thyroid gland (and the production of thyroid itself) the high concentration of selenium will ensure that your bodily processes are maintained and your metabolism remains strong.
                7- Immune System: 
             Any food that has such a high concentration of nutrients and minerals will be helpful for the immune system, but the antioxidants and organic compounds also present in this unassuming nut makes it a strong contender for one of the most immune-boosting nuts around. The vitamin C content couples wonderfully with selenium and zinc to stimulate the production of white blood cells and stimulating antioxidant compounds throughout the body to neutralize free radicals, thereby preventing many chronic illnesses, including cancer and coronary heart disease. As mentioned earlier, the glutathione enabled by the presence of selenium is an enzymatic antioxidant that eliminates free radicals in all parts of the body that cause cancer.
                8- Growth and Repair: 
             A lot of people forget about the real importance of protein in their diet, particularly if they are on a restricted diet or are a vegetarian. Protein is an essential part of health, primarily because it is necessary for muscle growth, energy, cellular growth, repair, and wound healing. Brazil nuts are a major source of protein, relatively speaking, so they can be a helpful boost to keep your protein levels up! Vitamin C is also a major component of collagen, another essential part of human growth and repair of blood vessels, tissues, and cells.
                9- Nutrient Efficiency: 
               The high magnesium levels found in Brazil nuts also help to stimulate efficient nutrient uptake in the digestive system, which means that we get as many benefits as possible from our food. Zinc is also one of the hardest elements to intake through food, and Brazil nuts natural high levels and facilitation of nutrient uptake helps to balance that common deficiency.
                + A Final Word of Warning !
               Despite this wide array of health benefits, Brazil nuts do have a high level of calories and saturated fat. Before making these nuts a major part of your weekly diet, consult your health professional. If you are already suffering from heart issues, adding more saturated fat could be dangerous, whereas most research has shown Brazil nuts to be better for prevention of heart issues, rather than as treatment. Also, as with all nuts, Brazil nut allergies can be quite severe, so be sure to be tested for any potential nut allergies before consuming these nuts, particularly in oil form, as it is far more potent.
                Source: Health Benefits of Brazil Nuts | Organic Facts

3- The Uses of Brazil nuts

               3.1- Food Uses
              + Current practical uses
            The Brazil nut is a three-sided nut with white meat or flesh that consists of 70% fat and 17% protein. For centuries the indigenous tribes of the rainforest have relied on Brazil nuts as an important and significant staple in their diet - so important, that the nuts have even been used as a trade commodity, much like money. Indigenous tribes eat the nuts raw or grate them and mix them into gruels. In the Brazilian Amazon, the nuts are grated with the thorny stilt roots of Socratea palms into a white mush known as leite de castanha and then stirred into manioc flour. This food is a valuable source of calories, fat, and protein for much of the Amazon's rural and tribal peoples.
            There are several ways to enjoy this creamy and nutritious nut. Brazil nuts in their natural form are the safest and healthiest to consume. Carry a small packet of nuts in your bag for a quick on-the-go snack. Mix it with walnuts, almonds, cashews and pistachios for a nutritious treat. Brazil nuts are gluten free. They are perfect for people with wheat food allergy and celiac diseases.
             Brazil nuts are consumed raw, roasted, salted, in ice creams or as prepared confectionery items. They are an important ingredient in shelled nut mixtures.
              Brazil nuts have a rich and creamy flavor, which makes it a delicious addition to an assortment of dishes. They are used in puddings, fudge, cakes and granola bars. Coarsely ground Brazil nuts are used in the preparation of soups and curries. Ground Brazil nuts are also sprinkled on desserts, fruitcakes and salads.
            Raw nuts are cut open from processing units using larger sheller (cracker) machines. For domestic purposes, small size nutcracker machine or hand held pliers are sufficient.
               Here are some serving tips:
              1- Brazil nuts can be eaten all alone. Additionally, they can also be enjoy roasted, salted, or sweetened.
              2- They also employed in fudge, puddings, pesto, chocolate bar and crunchy bar preparations.
              3- Coarsely ground brazil nuts sprinkled over fruit/vegetable salads.
              4- They also used in desserts, particularly in fruitcakes.
              5- Add them to the soup as well as meat and vegetable dishes.
              6- Brazil nut oil used in salad dressing and cooking.
              In addition, the nuts are also pressed to yield oil. It is widely used in medicinal applications and aromatherapy massages. The oil is also used for cooking purposes.
               + Brazil nut oil
                Brazil nuts and its oil are mainly used as a food in the United States. Brazil nut oil is clear yellowish oil with a pleasant, sweet smell and taste. It makes a wonderful light oil for salad dressings: try combining it with raspberry vinegar for tasty vinaigrette.
         Brazil nut oil contains 75% unsaturated fatty acids composed mainly of  oleic  and linolenic acids, as well as the phytosterol, beta-sitosterol, and fat-solublevitamin E.
               The following table presents the composition of fatty acids in Brazil nut oil:
               Palmitic acid:                  16-20%
               Palmitoleic acid:            0.5-1.2%
               Stearic acid:                     9-13%
               Oleic acid:                       36-45%
               Linolenic acid:                 33-38%
               Saturated fats:                    25%
               Unsaturated fats:                75%
              In addition, Brazil nut oil is often used in soaps, shampoos, and hair conditioning/repair products in South America, and this use is beginning to catch on in the United States as well. It is a wonderful hair conditioner, bringing shine, silkiness, and softness to hair and renewing dry, lifeless hair and split ends. Brazil nut oil in skin creams helps lubricate and moisturize the skin, provides antioxidant benefits with its high selenium content, helps prevents dryness, and leaves skin soft, smooth, and hydrated.
               3.3- Other Uses
                + Wood
               The lumber from Brazil nut trees (not to be confused with Brazilwood) is of excellent quality, but logging the trees is prohibited by law in all three producing countries (Brazil, Bolivia and Peru). Illegal extraction of timber and land clearances present a continuing threat.
                + Brazil nut oil
            As well as its food use, Brazil nut oil is also used as a lubricant in clocks, for making artists' paints, and in the cosmetics industry. Engravings in Brazil nut shells were supposedly used as decorative jewelry by the indigenous tribes in Bolivia, although no examples still exist. Because of its hardness, the Brazil nut's shell is often pulverized and used as an abrasive to polish materials such as metals and even ceramics (in the same way jeweler's rouge is used).
                                                                                                                                                                 Edited by Ho Dinh Hai                                                                                                                                                                                Long An - Vietnam
                                                                                     References
                1- http://www.worldwidefruits.com
                2- http://www.worldwidefruits.com/orders-of-plants.html
                3- http://www.worldwidefruits.com/order-ericales.html
                4- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericales
                5- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecythidaceae
                6- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_nut
                7- http://www.nybg.org/bsci/braznut
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